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Studies have shown that there are significant differences in cancer rates among different ethnic groups. For example, the Japanese have very high rates of colon cancer but very low rates of breast cancer. It has also been demonstrated that when members of low-risk ethnic groups move to high-risk areas, their cancer risks rise to those of the high-risk area. For example, Japanese who live in the United States, where the risk of breast cancer is high, have higher rates of breast cancer than do Japanese who live in Japan. What are some of the possible explanations for this phenomenon? What factors may explain why the Japanese have higher rates of colon cancer than do other ethnic groups?
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Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
- A survey of Canadian adult males was performed during the 1980s. 52% of the respondents smoked. The lifetime probability of a smoker getting lung cancer was 17.2%, whereas a non-smoker had a cancer probability of 1.3%. a)What is the conditional probability of a male smoker getting lung cancer? b)Draw a probability tree showing the probability of getting lung cancer conditional on smoking or not smoking. c)Using the tree, calculate the probability of smoking and getting lung cancer d)Show the same calculation as c), but in the format of the general multiplication rule Pr[A and B] = Pr[A] Pr[B|A] e)What is the probability that a male did not smoke and did not get lung cancer? pls help with the following. explain and make sure its 100 % accurate, thanksarrow_forwardNew cases of cancer are expected to increase in the ensuing years. How can estimating the future burden of cancer help us to prepare for this? Give detailed examples of different types of cancer and the trends that will likely be observed. What can we realistically expect to achieve regarding cancer risk reduction? Why is it important to have cancer statistics databases?arrow_forwardTable 23.3 lists occupation as an environmental factor associated withcancer. What occupations do you think might be associated withhigher rates of cancer? What about these occupations might createhigher cancer rates?arrow_forward
- Although cancer is not a contagious disease in humans or other vertebrates, there have been rare cases in which cancers have spread from one organism to another. Describe three cases of these contagious cancers and what conditions might have led to their appearance. For an introduction to this topic, see http:// www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/is-cancer-contagious.arrow_forwardIn 2019, a study of the adverse effects of x-rays on subsequent cancer among children was done using records from several large children’s hospitals from 1990 to 1995. 10,000 children were selected as a representative population of children seen at the hospitals during that time. Participants were classified according to whether or not they received an x-ray during their stay in the hospital and were followed from their hospital stay through 2019 for cancer development. During the follow-up period, 49 incident cancers occurred in 3,263 children who had received an x-ray, and 47 incident cancers occurred in the 6,737 children who had not received an x-ray during their hospitalization. What type of study design is this? Prospective cohort study Case-control study Cross-sectional study Retrospective cohort studyarrow_forwardIn 2019, a study of the adverse effects of x-rays on subsequent cancer among children was done using records from several large children’s hospitals from 1990 to 1995. 10,000 children were selected as a representative population of ill children seen at the hospitals during that time. Subjects were classified according to whether or not they received an x-ray during their stay in the hospital and were followed from their hospital stay through 2019 for cancer development. During the follow-up period, 49 incident cancers occurred in 3,263 children who had received an x-ray, and 47 incident cancers occurred in the 6,737 children who had not received an x-ray during their hospitalization. What is the risk difference of developing cancer comparing children who had an x-ray to those who did not? a) 6 excess cases per 1000 b) 2 excess cases per 1000 c) 8 excess cases per 1000arrow_forward
- Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in both men and women. Caring for the cancer patient and family requires a multidimensional approach. What does it mean to provide a multidimensional approach?arrow_forwardResearchers enroll 100 cases of lung cancer in a study, and 35% are White and 52% are male. Controls are selected so that 35% of the control group participants are White and 50% of control group participants are male. This is an example of: Researchers enroll 100 cases of lung cancer in a study, and 35% are White and 52% are male. Controls are selected so that 35% of the control group participants are White and 50% of control group participants are male. This is an example of: Individual matching Randomization Group frequency matchingarrow_forwardIn 2016, 8625 individuals lived in the community of Viken. Eight per cent were women. Of these, 52 had womencervical cancer.Calculate the point prevalence of cervical cancer in women in the community of Viken and describe in your own wordswhat the prevalence in this case implies.arrow_forward
- Both genes and environmental factors contribute to cancer. Prostatecancer is 39 times more common among people from Utah than amongpeople from Shanghai (see Table 23.2). Briefly outline how you mightdetermine whether these differences in the incidence of prostate cancerare due to differences in the genetic makeup of the two populations or todifferences in their environments.arrow_forwardWhat are two health disparities that cancer could be believed to exist in a community, city, or state?arrow_forwardCancer is a major public health problem. Both inherited genes and environmental factors play a role in the development of cancer. Associations have also been documented between environmental pollutants and cancer. In general, cancers caused by occupational or environmental exposures are pathologically and clinically indistinguishable from other cancers. However, some cancers have a very high probability of being occupationally related, such as angiosarcoma of the liver due to vinyl chloride exposure, and mesothelioma from asbestos fiber exposure. Documentation of exposures that cause cancer relies heavily on epidemiological studies. Unfortunately, there are complicating factors, such as the long latency period before the cancers are actually diagnosed, well after many other workers had already been exposed. Therefore, what must the prevention of occupational and environmental cancers rely upon to predict effects on humans and establish limits for human exposure?arrow_forward
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning