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Studies have shown that there are significant differences in cancer rates among different ethnic groups. For example, the Japanese have very high rates of colon cancer but very low rates of breast cancer. It has also been demonstrated that when members of low-risk ethnic groups move to high-risk areas, their cancer risks rise to those of the high-risk area. For example, Japanese who live in the United States, where the risk of breast cancer is high, have higher rates of breast cancer than do Japanese who live in Japan. What are some of the possible explanations for this phenomenon? What factors may explain why the Japanese have higher rates of colon cancer than do other ethnic groups?
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Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
- ames has conducted an occupational cohort study. He has studied coal miners and their rates of cancer, and has compared them to steel workers, and their rates of cancer. There were 50 coal miners and 20 steel workers. 25% of steel workers got cancer and 40% of coal miners got cancer. Please draw a 2 by 2 table that represents this scenario. What is the AR? What is the OR? Please interpret the OR and make sure to state a time frame ) What is the CIR?arrow_forwardSkin cancer carries a lifetime risk nearly equal to that of allother cancers combined. Following is a graph [modified fromK. H. Kraemer (1997). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 94:11–14]depicting the age of onset of skin cancers in patients with orwithout XP, where the cumulative percentage of skin cancer is plotted against age. The non-XP curve is based on 29,757 cancerssurveyed by the National Cancer Institute, and the curverepresenting those with XP is based on 63 skin cancers from theXeroderma Pigmentosum Registry.arrow_forwardThis is a blank question. Thank you in advance, Bloom Syndrome Bloom syndrome is a rare genetic disorder. It is characterized by short stature and a long narrow face with prominent nose and ears. There is also increased sensitivity to light. People who have the disorder often develop rashes on their face, forearms, and hands when they have been exposed to the sun. In addition, these people often suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and have a higher chance of developing cancer. The cause of this genetic disorder is a mutation in the BLM gene located on chromosome 15. The immediate effect of this mutation is that there is a defect in the functioning of the DNA helicase enzyme. What would be the effect of this mutation on DNA replication? What stage of the cell cycle would be most affected?arrow_forward
- Although cancer is not a contagious disease in humans or other vertebrates, there have been rare cases in which cancers have spread from one organism to another. Describe three cases of these contagious cancers and what conditions might have led to their appearance. For an introduction to this topic, see http:// www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/is-cancer-contagious.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements are correct about cancer drug resistance (select all that apply)? A. It is inevitable that a tumor will eventually become resistant to a given cancer drug B. Solid tumors often develop drugs resistance through upregulating expression of drug transporters. C. If the probability of develop resistance to drug A is 1/10 and for Drug B is also 1/10, then the probility of developing resistance to Drug A and B combination therapy is 1/20. D. Effective multidrug protocols use 3 drugs that all target the same mechanisms of killing cancer cell E. Drug resistance ofter develops when p53 is inactivatedarrow_forwardIn 2019, a study of the adverse effects of x-rays on subsequent cancer among children was done using records from several large children’s hospitals from 1990 to 1995. 10,000 children were selected as a representative population of ill children seen at the hospitals during that time. Subjects were classified according to whether or not they received an x-ray during their stay in the hospital and were followed from their hospital stay through 2019 for cancer development. During the follow-up period, 49 incident cancers occurred in 3,263 children who had received an x-ray, and 47 incident cancers occurred in the 6,737 children who had not received an x-ray during their hospitalization. What is the risk difference of developing cancer comparing children who had an x-ray to those who did not? a) 6 excess cases per 1000 b) 2 excess cases per 1000 c) 8 excess cases per 1000arrow_forward
- Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in both men and women. Caring for the cancer patient and family requires a multidimensional approach. What does it mean to provide a multidimensional approach?arrow_forwardResearchers enroll 100 cases of lung cancer in a study, and 35% are White and 52% are male. Controls are selected so that 35% of the control group participants are White and 50% of control group participants are male. This is an example of: Researchers enroll 100 cases of lung cancer in a study, and 35% are White and 52% are male. Controls are selected so that 35% of the control group participants are White and 50% of control group participants are male. This is an example of: Individual matching Randomization Group frequency matchingarrow_forward"The main causes of cancer are the products of our highly industrialized way of life such as pollution and food additives" is true or false.arrow_forward
- Cancer is a major public health problem. Both inherited genes and environmental factors play a role in the development of cancer. Associations have also been documented between environmental pollutants and cancer. In general, cancers caused by occupational or environmental exposures are pathologically and clinically indistinguishable from other cancers. However, some cancers have a very high probability of being occupationally related, such as angiosarcoma of the liver due to vinyl chloride exposure, and mesothelioma from asbestos fiber exposure. Documentation of exposures that cause cancer relies heavily on epidemiological studies. Unfortunately, there are complicating factors, such as the long latency period before the cancers are actually diagnosed, well after many other workers had already been exposed. Therefore, what must the prevention of occupational and environmental cancers rely upon to predict effects on humans and establish limits for human exposure?arrow_forwardQ1): Differentiate between oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, showing the involvement of each in cancer and giving examples; as well discuss evidence for the two-hit model as it applies to TS genes. Q2): Discuss how genomic technologies are leading to a better understanding of the genetics of cancer and new treatment options.arrow_forwardThe decision by some high-risk women to have their breasts removed to prevent the possibility of developing cancer could be a truly life-altering decision. At first glance, this decision could make sense for those women who are at elevated risk due to genetic or family history factors. Counter that with living in a society that seems to be moving toward even greater obsession with female breasts at earlier ages (e.g., breast implants for 16th birthdays!) Learn more about oncogenes and breast cancer.: What are the benefits of learning you have a gene that may lead to cancer? What are the disadvantages of receiving such knowledge?arrow_forward
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning