For each of the following substances describe the importance of dispersion (London) forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding:
(a)HCl; (b)
(a)
Interpretation:
Importance of dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding for HCl should be described.
Concept introduction:
There are two kind of forces act on molecules. One is intramolecular forces and the other one is intermolecular forces. Intramolecular forces are forces that can be seen within atoms of a molecule. Intermolecular forces exist between the two molecules of same type. Types of intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole interactions, dipole-induced dipole interactions and dispersion interactions. Dipole-dipole interactions occur between the molecules which are polarized with partial positive charge and partial negative charge. Hydrogen bonding is also a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction which forms between H atoms and oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine atoms. Dipole-induced dipole arises by inducing a change in dipole moment of neighboring molecule by a dipole moment of one molecule. Dispersion interactions is occurred by instantaneous dipoles resulted from asymmetric distribution of electrons within a molecule during constant motion of electrons.
Answer to Problem 1E
There are dipole-dipole interactions and dispersion forces between HCl molecules.
Explanation of Solution
HCl is a polar moleculebecause electronegativities of H and Cl are significantly different. Therefore, major intermolecular force present is dipole-dipole interactions. The dispersion forces are also present. There is no hydrogen bonding between HCl molecules as electronegativity of Cl is not sufficient to form hydrogen bonds.
(b)
Interpretation:
Importance of dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding for Br2 should be described.
Concept introduction:
There are two kind of forces act on molecules. One is intramolecular forces and the other one is intermolecular forces. Intramolecular forces are forces that can be seen within atoms of a molecule. Intermolecular forces exist between the two molecules of same type. Types of intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole interactions, dipole-induced dipole interactions and dispersion interactions. Dipole-dipole interactions occur between the molecules which are polarized with partial positive charge and partial negative charge. Hydrogen bonding is also a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction which forms between H atoms and oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine atoms. Dipole-induced dipole arises by inducing a change in dipole moment of neighboring molecule by a dipole moment of one molecule. Dispersion interactions is occurred by instantaneous dipoles resulted from asymmetric distribution of electrons within a molecule during constant motion of electrons.
Answer to Problem 1E
Only dispersion forces are present in Br2
Explanation of Solution
Br2 is a non-polar molecule therefore, it does not have permanent dipoles. No dipole-dipole interactions are present. But it can induce instantaneous dipoles and make dispersion forces. Br2 cannot formhydrogen bonding as there is no H atom present.
(c)
Interpretation:
Importance of dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding for ICl should be described.
Concept introduction:
There are two kind of forces act on molecules. One is intramolecular forces and the other one is intermolecular forces. Intramolecular forces are forces that can be seen within atoms of a molecule. Intermolecular forces exist between the two molecules of same type. Types of intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole interactions, dipole-induced dipole interactions and dispersion interactions. Dipole-dipole interactions occur between the molecules which are polarized with partial positive charge and partial negative charge. Hydrogen bonding is also a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction which forms between H atoms and oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine atoms. Dipole-induced dipole arises by inducing a change in dipole moment of neighboring molecule by a dipole moment of one molecule. Dispersion interactions is occurred by instantaneous dipoles resulted from asymmetric distribution of electrons within a molecule during constant motion of electrons.
Answer to Problem 1E
Dipole-dipole interactions and dispersion forces are present in ICl
Explanation of Solution
ICl is a polar molecule because electronegativities of I and Cl are significantly different. Therefore major intermolecular force present is dipole-dipole interactions. And dispersion forces are also present. There is no hydrogen bonding between ICl molecules due to absence of H atoms.
(d)
Interpretation:
Importance of dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding for HF should be described.
Concept introduction:
There are two kind of forces act on molecules. One is intramolecular forces and the other one is intermolecular forces. Intramolecular forces are forces that can be seen within atoms of a molecule. Intermolecular forces exist between the two molecules of same type. Types of intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole interactions, dipole-induced dipole interactions and dispersion interactions. Dipole-dipole interactions occur between the molecules which are polarized with partial positive charge and partial negative charge. Hydrogen bonding is also a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction which forms between H atoms and oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine atoms. Dipole-induced dipole arises by inducing a change in dipole moment of neighboring molecule by a dipole moment of one molecule. Dispersion interactions is occurred by instantaneous dipoles resulted from asymmetric distribution of electrons within a molecule during constant motion of electrons.
Answer to Problem 1E
Dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding are present in HF.
Explanation of Solution
HF is a polar molecule as the electronegativities of H and F are significantly different. Therefore dipole-dipole interactions are present and dispersion forces also can be seen. HF can form hydrogen bonds as H in one HF molecule can interact with F atom in another HF molecule due to electronegativity difference between H and F.
(e)
Interpretation:
Importance of dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding for CH4 should be described.
Concept introduction:
There are two kind of forces act on molecules. One is intramolecular forces and the other one is intermolecular forces. Intramolecular forces are forces that can be seen within atoms of a molecule. Intermolecular forces exist between the two molecules of same type. Types of intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole interactions, dipole-induced dipole interactions and dispersion interactions. Dipole-dipole interactions occur between the molecules which are polarized with partial positive charge and partial negative charge. Hydrogen bonding is also a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction which forms between H atoms and oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine atoms. Dipole-induced dipole arises by inducing a change in dipole moment of neighboring molecule by a dipole moment of one molecule. Dispersion interactions is occurred by instantaneous dipoles resulted from asymmetric distribution of electrons within a molecule during constant motion of electrons.
Answer to Problem 1E
Dispersion forces are present in CH4.
Explanation of Solution
CH4 is a non-polar molecule so, it does not have permanent dipoles. Thus, no dipole-dipole interactions present. But it can induce instantaneous dipoles leading to dispersion forces. CH4 cannot form hydrogen bonds.
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