Exploring Economics
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781544336329
Author: Robert L. Sexton
Publisher: SAGE Publications, Inc
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Question
Chapter 12, Problem 14P
To determine
(a)
The effect of rise in
To determine
(b)
The effect of industry's increasing demand on the price, MR and output of a
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Suppose the book-printing industry is a competitive market, and it begins with a long run competitive equilibrium.
a. Draw side-by-side diagrams to show the initial conditions of the bookprinting industry, including the condition of a typical book-printing firm and the whole industry.
b. Given the rising popularity of e-books, the demand for book-printing drops. Based on the diagrams in (a), illustrate the short run effects on the market price, market output level, output level of an typical bookprinting firm and her profit. Briefly explain.
Suppose that firm is in a breaking even status in a perfectly competitive market. Using graphs (for both industry and firm) to explain how a decline in demand in the short run affects some firms’ performance (e.g., earn profits or experience loss). In the long run, how this results in exit of some firms from the same perfectly competitive market. Comment on the market equilibrium quantity and price in the long run?
Suppose the shirts industry is perfectly competitive and begins in a long-run equilibrium.
(a) Pluto Company invents a new production process that reduces the production cost. What happens to Pluto Company’s profits and the price of shirts in the short run when Pluto Company’s patent prevents other firms from using the new technology?
(b) What happens in the long run when the patent expires and other firms are free to use the technology?
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- The graph below shows cost curves for a typical firm operating in a perfectly competitive market. Curve 1 represents Marginal Cost (MC), Curve 2 represents Average Variable Costs (AVC) and Curve 3 represents Average Total Costs (ATC). Suppose that the equilibrium price is $12. What will happen in this market in the long run? a. No new entry/no exit. b.Existing firms will exit. c.New firms will enter.arrow_forwardb). The Philadelphia water ice industry is a constant cost industry. The demand for water ice shifts outward each year when it gets hot. What are the steps by which the competitive water ice market insures an increased amount of water ice. Explain and graph at the industry and firm levels. What is the long-run price of water ice?arrow_forwardA. If a firm operating in a perfectly competitive market doubles the amount it sells, what happens to the price of its output and its total revenue? B. How does a competitive firm determine its profit-maximizing level of output? When does a competitive firm decide to temporarily shut down in the short run? Explain, using the concepts of marginal cost, marginal revenue, price, and average variable cost.arrow_forward
- The diagram above represents a perfectly competitive firm that faces a demand curve d. Answer the following questions. Show all calculations. From the diagram, how many units should this firm produce to maximize profit? From the diagram data, calculate the firm’s total profit. Assuming no changes in the costs of production, in the long run how much will this firm produce and at what price? From the diagram, at what price will this firm break even? From the diagram, at what price should this firm shut down?arrow_forwardUse a graph to demonstrate the scenario where a competitive firm would be earning positive profit in the short run. Can this scenario be maintained in the long run? Why? What are the ‘shutdown point’ and ‘break even point’ of a competitive firm . Explain with diagram. A competitive market starts in a situation of long run equilibrium. Then there is an increase in demand. Explain what happens in the short run and long run, using necessary diagrams.arrow_forwardAssume that the tofu industry is perfectly competitive and in the long run equilibrium. There is a technical innovation that is invented and pioneered by one tofu factory which results in a significant cost reduction in the production of tofu. Explain the effects of this innovation on the price of tofu and the profit of this tofu factory and the profit of the entire tofu industry in the short run. What will happen to the price of tofu, the profit of this tofu factory and the profit of entire tofu industry in the long run?arrow_forward
- The following problem traces the relationship between firm decisions, market supply, and market equilibrium in a perfectly competitive market. a. Complete the following table for a single firm in the short run. Using the information in the table, fill in the following supply schedule for this individual firm under perfect competition and indicate profit (positive or negative) at each output level. (Hint: At each hypothetical price, what is the MR of producing 1 more unit of output? Combine this with the MC of another unit to figure out the quantity supplied.)arrow_forwardThe following graph summarizes the demand and costs for a firm that operates in a perfectly competitive market. a. What level of output should this firm produce in the short run? b. What price should this firm charge in the short run? c. What is the firm’s total cost at this level of output? d. What is the firm’s total variable cost at this level of output? e. What is the firm’s fixed cost at this level of output? f. What is the firm’s profit if it produces this level of output? g. What is the firm’s profit if it shuts down? h. In the long run, should this firm continue to operate or shut DOWNarrow_forwardIn a perfectly competitive market, how do we go from a short run equilibrium to a long run equilibrium?arrow_forward
- Suppose a corn dog stand market is perfectly competitive and in long-run equilibrium. One day, the city starts imposing a $300 per year tax on each stand. How does this policy impact the number of corn dogs produced and sold in the market in the short run and long run? Down in the short run and no change in the long run No change in the short run and down in the long run Up in the short run and no change in the long run No change in the short run and up in the long runarrow_forwardyou've been learning about what makes a market perfectly competitive, how a firm in a perfectly competitive market makes profit-maximizing decisions, and how a perfectly competitive market moves towards equilibirium. But how applicable is this to real life? For this discussion, try to think of a market (for a product or service) that is perfectly competitive or very close to it. What characteristics of the market make it like perfect competition? Are there factors that keep it from being perfectly competitive? If so, what are they? How close do you think the firms in this market are to perfectly competitive firms in choosing equilibrium price and quantity?arrow_forwardIn 2003, a single case in Alberta of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, also known as mad cow disease, temporarily shut down export markets for Canadian beef. a. Using firm and industry diagrams, show the short-run effect of declining demand for Canadian beef due to the shutdown of its export markets. Label the diagram carefully and write out in words all of the changes that you can identify. b. Although export markets eventually began to open up later that same year, the demand for Canadian beef remained low. On a new diagram, show the long-run effect of the declining demand. Explain in words.arrow_forward
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