EBK PRINCIPLES OF MACROECONOMICS
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134079592
Author: Oster
Publisher: YUZU
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Question
Chapter 11, Problem 5.3P
Subpart (a):
To determine
The graphical illustration of economy to achieve potential
Subpart (b):
To determine
The graphical illustration of changes in AD, AS curve.
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The following graph plots aggregate demand (AD2027AD2027) and aggregate supply (AS) for the imaginary country of Cotopaxi in the year 2027.
Suppose the natural level of output in this economy is $6 trillion.
On the following graph, use the green line (triangle symbol) to plot the long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve for this economy.
Economists forecast that if the government takes no action and the economy continues to grow at the current rate, aggregate demand in 2028 will be given by the curve labeled ADAADA, resulting in the outcome given by point A. If, however, the government pursues an expansionary policy, aggregate demand in 2028 will be given by the curve labeled ADBADB, resulting in the outcome given by point B.
The following table presents projections for the unemployment rates that would occur at point A and point B. Consider the potential rate of inflation between 2027 and 2028, depending on whether the economy moves from the initial price level of 102 to the…
Use the following graph to answer the following questions.
Line Y
Price level
(P)
100
80
B
Line Z
Line X2
Line X1
Real GDP
(3)
If point A occurs chronologically before point B, then this graph could represent
a decrease in aggregate demand with a decrease in long-run and short-run aggregate supply.
a decrease in aggregate demand with constant long-run and short-run aggregate supply.
constant aggregate demand with a decline in long-run aggregate supply.
an increase in aggregate demand with constant long-run and short-run aggregate supply.
constant aggregate demand with a decline in short-run aggregate supply.
6. Why the aggregate supply curve slopes upward in the short run
In the short run, the quantity of output that firms supply can deviate from the natural level
output if the actual price level in the economy deviates
from the expected price level. Several theories explain how this might happen.
For example, the sticky-price theory asserts that the output prices of some goods and services adjust slowly to changes in the price level. Suppose
firms announce the prices for their products in advance, based on an expected price level of 100 for the coming year. Many of the firms sell their
goods through catalogs and face high costs of reprinting if they change prices. The actual price level turns out to be 90. Faced with high menu costs,
and firms that rely on catalogs
the firms that rely on catalog sales choose not to adjust their prices. Sales from catalogs will
will respond by
the quantity of output they supply. If enough firms face high costs of adjusting prices, the unexpected decrease…
Chapter 11 Solutions
EBK PRINCIPLES OF MACROECONOMICS
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- On the following graph, use the purple line (diamond symbol) to plot this economy's long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve. Then use the orange line segments (square symbol) to plot the economy's short-run aggregate supply (AS) curve at each of the following price levels: 100, 105, 110, 115, and 120. PRICE LEVEL 125 120 115 + 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 OUTPUT (Billions of dollars) 80 90 100 0 AS LRAS ? The short-run quantity of output supplied by firms will fall short of the natural level of output when the actual price level level that people expected. the pricearrow_forward6. Why the aggregate supply curve slopes upward in the short run In the short run, the quantity of output supplied by firms can deviate from the natural level of output if the actual price level deviates from the expected price level in the economy. A number of theories explain reasons why this might happen. For example, the misperceptions theory asserts that changes in the price level can temporarily mislead firms about what is happening to their output prices. Consider a soybean farmer who expects a price level of 100 in the coming year. If the actual price level turns out to be 90, soybean prices will and if the farmer mistakenly assumes that the price of soybeans declined relative to other prices of goods and services, the quantity of soybeans supplied. If other producers in this economy mistake changes in the price level for changes in their relative prices, the unexpected decrease in the price level causes the quantity of output supplied to level of output in the short run. she…arrow_forwardIn the short run, the quantity of output supplied by firms can deviate from the natural level of output if the actual price level deviates from the expected price level in the economy. A number of theories explain reasons why this might happen. For example, the sticky-price theory asserts that the output prices of some goods and services adjust slowly to changes in the price level. Suppose firms announce the prices for their products in advance, based on an expected price level of 100 for the coming year. Many of the firms sell their goods through catalogs and face high costs of reprinting if they change prices. The actual price level turns out to be 110. Faced with high menu costs, the firms that rely on catalog sales choose not to adjust their prices. Sales from catalogs will and firms that rely on catalogs will respond by the quantity of output they supply. If enough firms face high costs of adjusting prices, the unexpected increase in the price level causes the quantity of output…arrow_forward
- The following graph shows a decrease in short-run aggregate supply (AS) in a hypothetical economy where the currency is the dollar. Specifically, the short-run aggregate supply curve shifts to the left from AS 1 to AS 2 , causing the quantity of output supplied at a price level of 100 to fall from $200 billion to $150 billion. The following table lists several determinants of short-run aggregate supply. Fill in the table by indicating the changes in the determinants necessary to decrease short-run aggregate supply.arrow_forwardThe following graph shows a decrease in short-run aggregate supply (AS) in a hypothetical economy where the currency is the dollar. Specifically, the short-run aggregate supply curve shifts to the left from AS1 to AS2, causing the quantity of output supplied at a price level of 100 to fall from $200 billion to $150 billion. 200 AS, 2. 175 AS 150 125 100 75 50 25 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 QUANTITY OF OUTPUT The following table lists several determinants of short-run aggregate supply. Fill in the table by indicating the changes in the determinants necessary to decrease short-run aggregate supply. Change Needed to Decrease AS Inflation expectations Human capital Technology PRICE LEVELarrow_forwardChapter 20 Homework 1 Suppose the natural level of output is $50 billion of real GDP and that people expect a price level of 105. On the following graph, use the purple line (diamond symbol) to plot this economy's long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve. Then use the orange line segments (square symbol) to plot the economy's short-run aggregate supply (AS) curve at each of the following price levels: 95, 100, 105, 110, and 115. PRICE LEVEL 125 120 115 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 OUTPUT (Billions of dollars) 80 90 100 AS LRAS The short-run quantity of output supplied by firms will fall short of the natural level of output when the actual price level level that people expected. the pricearrow_forward
- The diagram below shows various points on three aggregate demand (AD) curves. A decrease in the price level will produce a movement between which of the following two points on the diagram above? From point X to point Y From point W to point Y From point W to point Z From point Z to point Y From point Y to point Zarrow_forwardThe diagram below shows various points on three aggregate demand (AD) curves Price Level 2 AD₁ From curve AD2 to AD1 From curve AD2 to AD3 From point Z to point Y W An increase in the price level will produce a movement between which of the following two points on the diagram above? From point Y to point Z AD₂ AD3 Real GDP This will not affect aggregate demandarrow_forwardThe following graph shows the short-run and long-run aggregate supply curves (SRAS and LRAS) for an economy. Suppose there is a technological improvement that allows firms to reduce their costs of production permanently. Drag one or both of the curves on the graph to illustrate the long-term effects of this change. If you don't believe there will be any long-term effects, leave the curves where they are. 240 LRAS SRAS 200 SRAS 160 LRAS 120 80 40 6 12 18 24 REAL GDP (Trillions of dollars) Assuming aggregate demand is not affected by the technological improvement, the long-run effect of this v supply shock is v in aggregate output and v in the price level. PRICE LEVELarrow_forward
- The graphs illustrate an initial equilibrium for the economy. Suppose that the Federal Reserve raises interest rates. Use the graphs to show the new positions of aggregate demand (AD), short-run aggregate supply (SRAS), and long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) in both the short run and the long run, as well as the short-run and long-run equilibriums resulting from this change. Then, indicate what happens to the price level and GDP in the short run and in the long run. Aggregate price level Short-run graph GDP In the short run, the price level LRAS Real GDP SRAS Short-run equilibrium AD and Aggregate price level Long-run graph LRAS Real GDP In the long run, the price level GDP SRAS Long-run equilibrium AD andarrow_forwardIn the year 2023, aggregate demand and aggregate supply in the fictional country of Gurder are represented by the curves AD2023 and AS on the following graph. Suppose the natural level of output in this economy is $10 trillion. On the following graph, use the green line (triangle symbol) to plot the long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve for this economy. PRICE LEVEL 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 0 2 AD 2023 B I A 4 6 8 10 OUTPUT (Trillions of dollars) 12 AS ADB 14 AD А 16 A LRAS Outcome C (?)arrow_forwardThe following events shift either aggregate demand, aggregate supply, both or neither. Using a diagram, illustrate the effect of the events on the economy. In particular, explain the effect of each event on price level, real GDP and equilibrium in the economy. A) A recent business survey reported that business confidence has declined. B) Government cuts the rate of personal income tax after a pandemic caused an economic slowdown. C) A recent flooding in a small rural region destroyed the potato crop. D) A booming economy in a neighbouring country has drawn many working age people (and their families) to emigrate there in search of jobs and better life.arrow_forward
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