Achieve for What Is Life? A Guide to Biology with Physiology (2-Term Access)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781319360733
Author: PHELAN
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 11, Problem 2SA
Summary Introduction
To identify: The behavior that humans are well prepared to learn.
Introduction: Behaviors may evolve through natural selection if they are genetically determined. If behaviors improve fitness, they are likely to spread through time and become more common. They are probably going to become rarer if they cause the individual's fitness to decline.
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Chapter 11 Solutions
Achieve for What Is Life? A Guide to Biology with Physiology (2-Term Access)
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- Animals have evolved a range of strategies to successfully respond to threats and challenges. One of these strategies is the ability to learn. As we discussed, not every animal can learn and there are clear costs and benefits to this strategy. Suggest one benefit of the ability to learn and one potential cost. Briefly explain each. (1-2 sentences for each) Since learning is not universal, under which circumstances would it be most likely be a successful strategy? We discussed a framework that examines the influence of predictability on the success of learning ability. Describe this framework. Make sure you discuss all the available conditions and clearly state under which we would expect learning to be successful and where we would not expect it to be successful. What would be an alternative strategy to regulate behaviour when learning is not suitable? Briefly explain your choice. (2-3 sentences)arrow_forwardWhy are human behaviors so difficult to study?arrow_forwardHow much of our behavior is determined by our genes versus the environment? Provide two examples of why or why not.What do you think are the pros and cons for an individual if they believe genes determine their behaviors? What are the pros and cons for individuals if they believe nature determines their behaviors? What do you think are the implications for society if we put a lot of weight on nature or nurture?arrow_forward
- According to Hamilton’s rule,(A) natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior thatcauses the death of the altruist.(B) natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resultingbenefit to the recipient, corrected for relatedness, exceedsthe cost to the altruist.(C) natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behaviorthat benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior thatbenefits a sibling.(D) the effects of kin selection are larger than the effects ofdirect natural selection on individuals.arrow_forwardEvolutionary biology What are 4 conditions in which natural selection favors altruistic behaviors in which the individual performs costly actions to benefit others?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is LEAST consistent with how behavior tends to evolve? Changes to underlying neural mechanisms, such as neurotransmitter receptors that affect motivation, can result in major changes in behavioral phenotypes Tweaks to the developmental process, such as play or learning, can cause evolutionary divergence in behavior Changes in the properties of sensory receptors can shift preferences and choices Variation in the gene for a given behavior results in population divergence Why are there biases in learning processes? The initial neural structure underlying learning may not allow every possible learned association Some cues are more likely than others to be associated with particular things, which has shaped the evolution of neural networks that represent the world Reducing the range of possible things a brain can learn can be one way to reduce the costs of learning All of the abovearrow_forward
- What are the two fundamental types of questions (hypotheses) in animal behavior Group of answer choices When something occurs and how often something occurs is the behavior scary? is the behavior boring? is the behavior related to humans? is the behavior useful? How something occurs and Why something occursarrow_forwardDefense of an area where important resources for survival are located is termed appeasement. kinesis. passive behavior. aggression behavior territorial behavior. Choose the true statement about innate behaviors from the list: Innate behaviors tend to vary considerably among members of a population. Innate behaviors occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not in mammals. Innate behaviors are expressed in most individuals in a population across a wide range of environmental conditions. Genes have very little influence on the expression of innate behaviors. Innate behaviors are limited to invertebrate animals. In different species, there are sometimes very sensitive periods in their lives when a particular behavior or skill needs to be learned. This is called classical conditioning. altruism. fixed action behavior.…arrow_forwardWhat will happen in long run if human do not differ from one another in behavior traits?arrow_forward
- Which research question does not refer to proximate causes of behavior? a.) How do rhesus macaques find their food? b.) how do pigeons that are experimentally displaced find their way back to their home loft? c.) How does dispersal affect the survival of Belding's ground squirrels? d.) Do mother goats learn the odor of their offspring? e.) How do hummingbirds “know” when it is time to return to their overwintering grounds?arrow_forwardThe idea that behavior must be either innate or learned has been called a “nature versus nurture” controversy. What reasons are there for believing that such a strict dichotomy does not exist?arrow_forwardHow do psychologists use case studies, naturalistic observations, and surveysto observe and describe behavior, and why is random sampling important?arrow_forward
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