GENERAL CHEMISTRY(LL)-W/MASTERINGCHEM.
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134566030
Author: Petrucci
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 11, Problem 20E
Malic is e common organic acid found in unripe apples and other fruit. the help of the molecular model shown below, represent bonding in the malic acid molecule, using the method of Figure 11-19 to indicate hybridization schemes and orbital overlaps.
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Question 6 of 20
Determine the number of sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds in the molecule shown on
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B) 7o and 5TT
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D) 7o and 7T
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Molecule or
Polyatomic
HOCI
NO₂
N₂H4
H₂O₂
Hint: the
oxygens are
connected
(CH3)2NH
Lewis structure
H¬O—CI:
| : 0=N–6:
H-N-N-H
H H
H-0-0-H
H
H
H-C-N -C-H
..
HHH
Hybrid-
ization
AXE
3
sp
AX₂E2
2
sp²
AX₂E
3
sp³
AX3E
3
sp
AX₂E2
3
AX3E
Electron pair geometry
Molecular shape
tetrahedral
bent
trigonal planar
bent
tetrahedral
trigonal
pyramidal
tetrahedral
bent
tetrahedral
trigonal
pyramidal
Bond angles
~109.5°
~109.5°
all ~109.5°
all ~109.5°
all ~109.5°
Bond
Polarity
Molecular Polarity
if the molecule is polar, add a dipole arrow
if not polar, state so and why
H
H
H²O-OH
Н
H
H"
H H
H
Н
Cl
H
'H
H
Chapter 11 Solutions
GENERAL CHEMISTRY(LL)-W/MASTERINGCHEM.
Ch. 11 - Prob. 1ECh. 11 - Explain why it is necessary to hybridize atomic...Ch. 11 - Describe the molecular geometry of H2O suggested...Ch. 11 - Describe the molecular geometry of NH2 suggested...Ch. 11 - In which of the following, CO32-,SO2,CCl4,CO,NO3-...Ch. 11 - In the manner of Example 11-1, describe the...Ch. 11 - For each of the following species, identify the...Ch. 11 - Propose a plausible Lewis structure, geometric...Ch. 11 - Describe a hybridization scheme for the central Cl...Ch. 11 - Describe a hybridization scheme for the central S...
Ch. 11 - Match each of the following species with one of...Ch. 11 - Propose a hybridization scheme to account for...Ch. 11 - Indicate which of the following molecules and ions...Ch. 11 - In the manner of Figure 11-18, indicate the...Ch. 11 - Write Lewis structures for the following...Ch. 11 - Represent bonding in the carbon dioxide molecule,...Ch. 11 - Use the method of Figure 11-19 to represent...Ch. 11 - Use the method of Figure 11-19 to represent...Ch. 11 - The molecular model below represents citric acid,...Ch. 11 - Malic is e common organic acid found in unripe...Ch. 11 - Shown below are ball-and-stick models. Describe...Ch. 11 - Shown below are ban-and-stick models. Describe...Ch. 11 - Prob. 23ECh. 11 - The structure of the molecule allene, CH2CCH2 , is...Ch. 11 - Angelic acid, shown below, occurs in symbol root,...Ch. 11 - Dimethylolpropionic acid, shown below, is used in...Ch. 11 - Explain the essential difference in how the...Ch. 11 - Describe the bond order of diatomic carbon, C2 ,...Ch. 11 - Prob. 29ECh. 11 - The paramagnetism of gaseous B2 has been...Ch. 11 - Prob. 31ECh. 11 - Is it correct to say that when a diatomic molecule...Ch. 11 - For the following pairs of molecular orbitals,...Ch. 11 - For each of the species C2+,O2,F2+ , and NO+ ; a....Ch. 11 - Write plausible molecular orbital occupancy...Ch. 11 - We have used the term “isoelectronic” to refer to...Ch. 11 - Consider the molecules NO+ and N2+ and use...Ch. 11 - Consider the molecules CO+ and CN- and use...Ch. 11 - Construct the molecular orbital diagram for CF....Ch. 11 - Construct the molecular orbital diagram for SrCl....Ch. 11 - Explain why the concept of delocalized molecular...Ch. 11 - Explain how it is possible to avoid the concept of...Ch. 11 - In which of the following molecules would you...Ch. 11 - In which of the following ions would you expect to...Ch. 11 - The Lewis structure of N2 indicates that the...Ch. 11 - Show that both the valence bond method and...Ch. 11 - A group of spectroscopists believe that they have...Ch. 11 - Lewis theory is satisfactory to explain bonding in...Ch. 11 - The compound potassium sesquoxide has the...Ch. 11 - Draw a Lewis structure for the urea molecule, CO(...Ch. 11 - Methyl nitrate, CH2NO2 , is used as a rocket...Ch. 11 - Fluorine nitrate, FONO2 , is an oxidizing agent...Ch. 11 - Draw a Lewis structure(s) for the nitrite ion, NO2...Ch. 11 - Think of the reaction shown here as involving the...Ch. 11 - Prob. 55IAECh. 11 - Prob. 56IAECh. 11 - The molecule formamide, HCONH2 , has the...Ch. 11 - Pyridine, C2H2N , is used in the synthesis of...Ch. 11 - Prob. 59IAECh. 11 - The ion F2Cl is linear, but the ion F2Cl+ is bent....Ch. 11 - Prob. 61IAECh. 11 - Prob. 62IAECh. 11 - Prob. 63IAECh. 11 - Prob. 64IAECh. 11 - Histidine, an essential amino acid, serves as a...Ch. 11 - The anion I42 is linear, and the anion I5 is...Ch. 11 - Prob. 67IAECh. 11 - A conjugated hydrocarbon has an alternation of...Ch. 11 - An elusive intermediate of atmospheric reactions...Ch. 11 - Resonance energy is the difference in energy...Ch. 11 - Furan, C4H4O , is a substance derivable from oat...Ch. 11 - As discussed in Are You Wondering 11-1, the sp...Ch. 11 - In Chapter 10, we saw that electronegativity...Ch. 11 - Borazine, B2N2H2 is often referred to as inorganic...Ch. 11 - Which of the following combinations of orbitals...Ch. 11 - Prob. 76FPCh. 11 - Prob. 77SAECh. 11 - Prob. 78SAECh. 11 - Explain the important distinctions between the...Ch. 11 - A molecule in which sp2 hybrid orbitals are used...Ch. 11 - Prob. 81SAECh. 11 - The hybridization scheme for the central atom...Ch. 11 - Of the following, the species with a bond order of...Ch. 11 - The hybridization scheme for Xe in XeF2 is (a) sp;...Ch. 11 - Delocalized molecular orbitals are found in (a)...Ch. 11 - Prob. 86SAECh. 11 - Why does the hybridization sp2d not account for...Ch. 11 - What is the total number of (a) bonds and (b) p...Ch. 11 - Which of the following species are paramagnetic?...Ch. 11 - Use the valence molecular orbital configuration to...Ch. 11 - Use the valence molecular orbital configuration to...Ch. 11 - Which of these diatomic molecules do you think has...Ch. 11 - For each of the following ions or molecules,...Ch. 11 - Draw Lewis structures for the NO2 and NO2+ ions,...Ch. 11 - In which of the following is the central atom sp...Ch. 11 - Prob. 96SAECh. 11 - According to molecular orbital theory, the O22 ion...Ch. 11 - What is the angle between the hybrid orbitals...Ch. 11 - Consider the molecule with the Lewis structure...Ch. 11 - Construct a concept map that embodies the ideas of...Ch. 11 - Prob. 101SAECh. 11 - Construct a concept map that describes the...
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- Compare Figs. 4-47 and 4-49. Why are they different? Because B2 is known to be paramagnetic, the 2p and 2p molecular orbitals must be switched from the first prediction. What is the rationale for this? Why might one expect the 2p to be lower in energy than the 2p? Why cant we use diatomic oxygen to help us decide whether the 2p, or 2p, is lower in energy?arrow_forwardIn Chapter 6, we study a group of organic cations called carbocations. Following is the structure of one such carbocation, the tert-butyl cation. (a) How many electrons are in the valence shell of the carbon bearing the positive charge? (b) Using VSEPR, predict the bond angles about this carbon. (c) Given the bond angle you predicted in (b), what hybridization do you predict for this carbon?arrow_forwardFor each of the following molecules, complete the Lewis structure and use the VSEPR model to determine the bond angles around each central atom. Note that the drawings are only skeleton structures and may depict the angles incorrectly.arrow_forward
- Use the References to access important values if needed for this question. Sigma Bonding Ao bond arises from the straight-on overlap of two atomic orbitals. The electron density lies along the axis of the two bonded nuclei. sp3 hybrid orbital Example: Sigma Bonding in methane, CH. 1s orbital What atomic or hybrid orbitals make up the sigma bond between C, and Cl in dichloroethylene, CH,CC1, ? (C, is the second carbon in the structure as written.) orbital on C, + orbital on Cl What is the approximate C1-Cz-Cl bond angle ?arrow_forwardWhat is the chemical formula of this model and what is the molecular geometry?arrow_forward3. Predict (a) the approximate bond angle, (b) the hybridization around the indicated atoms (the atoms to which the arrows are drawn in the structures below). Write your answers near the corresponding labels (1 to 5) in the drawings. (Note: the lone pairs on the F atoms are omitted for clarity.) H. 1 F 2 4 F Br -F С -о-н F F 'N : 1: 2: 3: 4: 5:arrow_forward
- CHEMWORK Draw a Lewis structure for the given skeletal molecule. Note: Multiple bonds and lone pairs are not shown in the skeletal molecule. H-C H N Submit H снно | | | •C-C-C-0 I ∙C CIH Н How many π bonds are found in this molecule? N-H H I H Hide Hints Look for the atoms that are sp² hybridized. Hint 1arrow_forwardMolecule C2H2 SFs- NO3- Lewis structure include lone pairs & formal charges on each atom Resonance structures don't have to include lone pairs; write N/A if there are none Electron Geometry Hybridization on central atom Overlapping orbitals O: O: include value of n in the orbital name (e.g. 1s, not s). Write N/A if that kind T: of bond is not present in T: the molecule Molecular Geometry Bond angle(s) include < as necessary 3D structure and polarity don't have to include lone pairs; draw the dipole arrow on the molecule or write "non- polar"arrow_forwardAutoSave 合日 D Formal Charge & VSEPR & Hybridization & MO Diagram Worksheet-Saved to my Mac OFF Insert Draw Design Layout References Mailings Review View O Tell me e Share Times New. 12 v A A Aa v 三 AaBbCcDdE AaBbCcDdEe > v田、 No Spacing Styles Pane Normal Dictate v ab х, х* A • I v A 三。 Tomasik PRINT FULL NAME: Section Number: Workshop Formal Charge, VSEPR, Hybridization, and MO Worksheet 1. Which of the following is the best structure for CH2O2? Explain your reasoning. H-C-0-H H-C=0-H :0: Structure #1 Structure #2 on otom varrow_forward
- 2) a) Consider the following molecule . Given what you have learned about hybridization theory, draw an image or images explaining the bonding situation in this molecule. I want you to draw out all of the orbitals, hybrid orbitals and how they overlap to form the bonds in the molecule. Indicate the % s or p character in the given atomic and hybrid orbitals. Which C-C bond or bonds are the longest? In a paragraph or so explain the image or images you just drew. b) Lastly, consider the molecule below. Indicate the Molecular formula, the molar mass, label the hybridization of each atom except for hydrogen, indicate any chiral centers with a *, which bond or bonds are the shortest, identify by name of each functional group with an arrow pointing to the group.arrow_forwardVSEPR: Molecular Geometry 1. For the following molecules: 1) draw a Lewis Dot structure, including contributing resonance structures, if present; 2) use VSEPR to draw an appropriate structure; 3) give an appropriate designation for the ideal molecular geometry; 4) describe any deviations to the ideal molecular geometry; *don't worry about corrections for e and h. g. HOCI h.* SO;2 i. NO2*arrow_forward1. a. Ethane C2H6 4(2)+1(6) = 14 valence electrons how do I calculate number of sigma and pi bond? I already drew out the lewis dot strcture for ethane chemical compund. b. Ethylene C2H4 4(2)+1(4)= 12 valence electrons how do I caculate number of sigma and pi bond? I already drew outt eh lewis dot structure for ethylene chemical compound.arrow_forward
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