An Introduction to Physical Science
14th Edition
ISBN: 9781305079137
Author: James Shipman, Jerry D. Wilson, Charles A. Higgins, Omar Torres
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 10.2, Problem 10.1CE
To determine
The number of protons, electrons and neutrons in the
I 131 ( Iodine − 131 )
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Carbon-14 is an isotope of carbon that is formed when radiation from the sun strikes
ordinary carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Plants such as trees, which get their carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere, therefore contain a small amount of carbon-14. Once a
particular part of a plant has been formed, no more new carbon 14 is taken in. The carbon
14 in that part of the plant decays slowly.
Let P be the percent of carbon-14 remaining in a part of a tree that grew t years ago (so t
years ago, there was 100 percent of the carbon-14 existing in that part of the tree).
Write the particular equation expressing P in terms of t. You may assume that the half-life
of carbon-14 is 5730 years.
a.)
A piece of wood some believe to have come from Noah's Ark has 47.93% of its carbon-14
remaining. The Great Flood was supposed to have occurred in 4004 B.C. Is this piece of
wood old enough to have come from Noah's Ark? Justify your answer.
b.)
Nuclear Physics - Nuclear Structure
Density=
Nuclear Structure
Z
mass
Volume
radius
r=r04¹/3
ro=1.2x10-¹5 m
N
A = Z+N
4
The radius r of a nucleus is given in the above figure. The volume of a nucleus is V =
Proton
56 Fe nucleus has a total of 56 nucleons (protons + neutrons). The average mass of a nucleon is u = 1.66x10^-27 kg
I whin ber
Neutron
A
Z
If this unknown nucleus has 60 neutrons, how many protons does it have?
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rr³
(a)Calculate the radius of a 56 Fe nucleus. Write the radius in fm, 1 fm = 10-15 m. Keep 2 decimal places.
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x10-¹5m, fm
(b) Calculate the Denisity of a 56Fe nucleus.. Write the result in terms of 1017 kg/m³. Keep 2 decimal places.
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x10¹7kg/m³
()
(c) An unknown hacieus has twice the volume of 56Fe. What is the mass number A of this nucleus?
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i
The half-life of phosphorus-32 is about 14days. There are 6.6 grams present initially.a. Express the amount of phosphorus-32 remaining as a function of time t.b. When will there be 1 gram remaining?
Chapter 10 Solutions
An Introduction to Physical Science
Ch. 10.1 - What original elements did Aristotle think...Ch. 10.1 - Prob. 2PQCh. 10.2 - Prob. 1PQCh. 10.2 - Prob. 2PQCh. 10.2 - Prob. 10.1CECh. 10.3 - Prob. 1PQCh. 10.3 - Prob. 2PQCh. 10.3 - Prob. 10.2CECh. 10.3 - Prob. 10.3CECh. 10.3 - Prob. 10.4CE
Ch. 10.3 - Prob. 10.5CECh. 10.3 - Prob. 10.6CECh. 10.4 - What quantities are conserved in nuclear...Ch. 10.4 - Prob. 2PQCh. 10.4 - Prob. 10.7CECh. 10.5 - Prob. 1PQCh. 10.5 - Prob. 2PQCh. 10.5 - Prob. 10.8CECh. 10.6 - Where does nuclear fusion occur naturally?Ch. 10.6 - Prob. 2PQCh. 10.6 - Prob. 10.9CECh. 10.7 - Prob. 1PQCh. 10.7 - Prob. 2PQCh. 10.8 - Prob. 1PQCh. 10.8 - Prob. 2PQCh. 10 - Prob. AMCh. 10 - Prob. BMCh. 10 - Prob. CMCh. 10 - Prob. DMCh. 10 - Prob. EMCh. 10 - Prob. FMCh. 10 - Prob. GMCh. 10 - Prob. HMCh. 10 - Prob. IMCh. 10 - Prob. JMCh. 10 - Prob. KMCh. 10 - Prob. LMCh. 10 - Prob. MMCh. 10 - Prob. NMCh. 10 - Prob. OMCh. 10 - Prob. PMCh. 10 - Prob. QMCh. 10 - Prob. RMCh. 10 - Prob. SMCh. 10 - Prob. TMCh. 10 - Prob. UMCh. 10 - Prob. VMCh. 10 - Prob. WMCh. 10 - Prob. XMCh. 10 - Prob. YMCh. 10 - Prob. ZMCh. 10 - Prob. 1MCCh. 10 - Prob. 2MCCh. 10 - Prob. 3MCCh. 10 - Prob. 4MCCh. 10 - Which radioactive decay mode does not result in a...Ch. 10 - Prob. 6MCCh. 10 - Prob. 7MCCh. 10 - Prob. 8MCCh. 10 - How many half-lives would it take for a sample of...Ch. 10 - Which of the following is not conserved in all...Ch. 10 - Prob. 11MCCh. 10 - Prob. 12MCCh. 10 - Prob. 13MCCh. 10 - Which unit is most closely associated with the...Ch. 10 - Prob. 15MCCh. 10 - Prob. 1FIBCh. 10 - Prob. 2FIBCh. 10 - The collective name for neutrons and protons in a...Ch. 10 - Prob. 4FIBCh. 10 - No stable nuclides exist that have Z greater than...Ch. 10 - Prob. 6FIBCh. 10 - The amount of a radioactive isotope will have...Ch. 10 - Prob. 8FIBCh. 10 - Prob. 9FIBCh. 10 - For an atomic bomb to explode, a(n) ____ mass is...Ch. 10 - In discussions of nuclear fusion reactions, the...Ch. 10 - Prob. 12FIBCh. 10 - Prob. 1SACh. 10 - Prob. 2SACh. 10 - Prob. 3SACh. 10 - Prob. 4SACh. 10 - Prob. 5SACh. 10 - What evidence is there to support the idea that...Ch. 10 - Prob. 7SACh. 10 - Prob. 8SACh. 10 - Prob. 9SACh. 10 - Prob. 10SACh. 10 - Prob. 11SACh. 10 - Prob. 12SACh. 10 - Prob. 13SACh. 10 - Prob. 14SACh. 10 - Prob. 15SACh. 10 - Prob. 16SACh. 10 - Prob. 17SACh. 10 - After three half-lives have gone by, what fraction...Ch. 10 - Prob. 19SACh. 10 - Prob. 20SACh. 10 - Prob. 21SACh. 10 - Prob. 22SACh. 10 - Prob. 23SACh. 10 - Prob. 24SACh. 10 - Prob. 25SACh. 10 - Prob. 26SACh. 10 - Prob. 27SACh. 10 - Prob. 28SACh. 10 - Prob. 29SACh. 10 - Prob. 30SACh. 10 - Prob. 31SACh. 10 - Prob. 32SACh. 10 - Prob. 33SACh. 10 - Prob. 34SACh. 10 - Prob. 35SACh. 10 - Prob. 36SACh. 10 - Prob. 37SACh. 10 - Prob. 38SACh. 10 - Prob. 39SACh. 10 - Prob. 40SACh. 10 - Prob. 41SACh. 10 - Prob. 42SACh. 10 - Visualize the connections and give the nuclear...Ch. 10 - Prob. 1AYKCh. 10 - The technique of carbon-14 dating relies on the...Ch. 10 - Prob. 3AYKCh. 10 - Prob. 4AYKCh. 10 - Prob. 5AYKCh. 10 - Fill in the nine gaps in this table.Ch. 10 - Fill in the nine gaps in this table.Ch. 10 - Prob. 3ECh. 10 - Prob. 4ECh. 10 - Prob. 5ECh. 10 - Prob. 6ECh. 10 - Prob. 7ECh. 10 - Actinium-225 (89225Ac) undergoes alpha decay. (a)...Ch. 10 - Prob. 9ECh. 10 - Prob. 10ECh. 10 - Prob. 11ECh. 10 - Prob. 12ECh. 10 - Prob. 13ECh. 10 - Prob. 14ECh. 10 - Prob. 15ECh. 10 - Prob. 16ECh. 10 - Prob. 17ECh. 10 - What is the half-life of thallium-206 if the...Ch. 10 - Use the graph in Fig. 10.24 to find the half-life...Ch. 10 - Prob. 20ECh. 10 - Prob. 21ECh. 10 - Prob. 22ECh. 10 - Prob. 23ECh. 10 - Prob. 24ECh. 10 - Prob. 25ECh. 10 - Prob. 26ECh. 10 - Prob. 27ECh. 10 - Prob. 28E
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- Phosphorus-32 is a beta emitter with a decay constant of 3,6x107 s'. For a particular application, the phosphorus-32 emits 2.0x10" beta particles every second. Determine a. The half-life of the phosphorus-32. b. The mass of pure phosphorus-32 will give this decay rate. (Given the Avogadro constant, NA =6.02 ´ 1023 mol·')arrow_forwardOne method for determining the age of ancient objects is by radiocarbon dating. Natural processes convert nitrogen to Carbon-14, a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 5730 years. When they are alive, animals assimilate Carbon-14 through the food chain. When an animal dies, it stops replacing its carbon and the amount of Carbon-14 decays exponentially. (a) Suppose the minimum detectable amount is 0.1% of the initial amount. What is the maximum age of a fossil that we could date using Carbon-14? (b) Suppose we wanted to date a fossil that was potentially 70 million years old. A radioactive isotope with what half-life would be required?arrow_forwardIn order to determine its rate of decay, 1 gram of an unknown radioactive isotope was placed in a container. The amount remaining was measured at 1-minute intervals and recorded in the table below. Time (in minutes) Grams remaining 0 1.000 1 0.956 2 0.914 3 0.874 4 0.835 5 0.799 Find an exponential model for the data with variable M corresponding to remaining mass (in grams) and t corresponding to time (in minutes). a) M = 1 × 95.600^t b) M = 0.956 x 1^tc) M =1 x 0.956^td) M = 95.600 x 1^tarrow_forward
- Determine the half-life (in s) of a radioactive sample that has a decay rate of 5.60 x 10¹¹ Bq when it contains 1.60 x 10¹5 nuclei. Sarrow_forwardOne of the nuclear fission reaction that can happen in a nuclear reactor is the fission of Uranium-235 into Rubidium- 96 and Cesium-137 as shown below. The atomic mass of U-235 is 235.043930 u, the atomic mass of Rubidium is 95.93427 u, the atomic mass of Cesium-137 is 136.90709 u, and the mass of a neutron is 1.008665 u. Determine the amount of energy released by the reaction, expressed in MeV. Keep five significant digits.arrow_forward10.A radioactive material, such as the isotope thorium-234, disintegrates at a rate proportional to the amount currently present. If Q(t) is the amount present at time t, then dQ/dt = −rQ, where r>0 is the decay rate. a.If 100 mg of thorium-234 decays to 82.04 mg in 1 week, determine the decay rate r. b.Find an expression for the amount of thorium-234 present at any time t. c.Find the time required for the thorium-234 to decay to one-half its original amount.arrow_forward
- Iodine-131 is often used to treat Graves' disease or hyperthyroidism. In Graves' disease the thyroid begins to overproduce thyroid hormone. If a small amount of iodine-131 is consumed, it will concentrate in the thyroid gland and destroy its ability to function. If a tablet containing 15.0 μg of 131I is ingested by a patient, how many days will it take for the amount of iodine to decay to less than 1 μg?arrow_forwardWhile Uranium-235 is commonly used in nuclear power plants, the isotope U-238 is more commonly found in nature. a) How many neutrons are in the nuclei of U-235? b) How many neutrons are in the nuclei of U-238? Given the mass of 1 proton is 1.007825 amu, 1 neutron is 1.008665 amu and the binding energy of 1 amu is 931.49 MeV(1.MeV=1x10^6 eV). c) If the mass of U-235 is 235.0439299 amu, what is the mass defect in amu? d) What is the binding energy in MeV?arrow_forwardA- The half-life of the radioactive nucleus Ra(88, 226) is about 1.6 ×10^3 yr. what is the decay rate after the sample is 2.6×10^3 yr old and how many nuclei left, where No=3.0 ×10^19 nuclei.arrow_forward
- B. Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon that has a half-life of 5600 years. It is used extensively in dating organic material that is tens of thousands of years old. Model the differential equation of the decay of the isotope if m is the mass and t is the time Calculate the constant using the half-life time. What fraction of the original amount of Carbon-14 in a sample would be present after 10,000 years? i) ii)arrow_forwardSuppose you are working as a reactor operator in the world’s largest nuclear power station at Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant, Japan. The first unit in this station began to operate in 1985. Suppose the rate at which the nuclear power plant produces radioactive waste is proportional to the number of years it has been operating such that 500 pounds of waste is produced every year. Also, suppose that the waste decays exponentially at a rate of 5% per year. At the beginning of 2011, The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster caused sever damages in the units which released the radiation waste to the atmosphere. Therefore, all the units were closed in 2011 for safety inspection. This left japan completely without nuclear-produced electrical power. Finally, the unit began to operate at the beginning of 2019. As a reactor operator, you are asked to do the following: a. Model the generation of the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant radioactive waste as a function of time. b.…arrow_forwardThe rate of decay of a radioactive material is directly proportional to the amount of the material present, with the constant of proportional denoted by k. If the half-life of the material is 2.02 years, find k.arrow_forward
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