a.
To determine: The individuals that have same defect in protein – E production.
Introduction: Production of proteins is controlled by the genetic code for that particular protein, present in the genome of that organism. Different
b.
To explain: whether children born from marriage of individual 2 and individual 3 will be able to make protein E or not.
Introduction: production of proteins is controlled by the genetic code for that particular protein, present in the genome of that organism. Different metabolic pathways are controlled by different proteins. Synthesis of these metabolic pathway controlling proteins can be interrupted by many different reasons that are present in the pathway. Combination of genes from two different organisms can alter the effect of the genetic code for that protein based on the presence of alleles in homozygocity or heterozygocity
c.
To explain: whether children born from marriage of individual 1 and individual 6 will be able to make protein E or not.
Introduction: production of proteins is controlled by the genetic code for that particular protein, present in the genome of that organism. Different metabolic pathways are controlled by different proteins. Synthesis of these metabolic pathway controlling proteins can be interrupted by many different reasons that are present in the pathway. Combination of genes from two different organisms can alter the effect of the genetic code for that protein based on the presence of alleles in homozygocity or heterozygocity
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Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)
- The family of a sixth-grade boy in Palo Alto, California, wasinformed by school administrators that he would have to transferout of his middle school because they believed his mutation ofthe CFTR gene, which does not produce any symptoms associatedwith cystic fibrosis, posed a risk to other students at the schoolwho have cystic fibrosis. After missing 11 days of school, a settlementwas reached to have the boy return to school. What ethicalproblems might you associate with this example?arrow_forwardThe protein known as tyrosinase is needed to make certain types of pigments. Tyrosinase is composed of a single polypeptide with 511amino acids. The molecular mass of this protein is approximately61,300 Da, or 61.3 kDa. People who carry two defective copies ofthe tyrosinase gene have the condition known as albinism. They areunable to make pigment in the skin, eyes, and hair. Western blottingis used to detect proteins that are translated from a particularmRNA. This method is described in Chapter 20 and also in experimentalquestion E4. Skin samples were collected from a pigmentedindividual (lane 1) and from three unrelated albino individuals(lanes 2, 3, and 4) and subjected to a Western blot analysis using anantibody that recognizes tyrosinase.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements regarding mutation is FALSE? Question options: mutations typically occur during the production or repair of DNA mutations involve changes in DNA sequence mutations in somatic cells of multicellular organisms are passed to offspring through sexual reproduction mutations may be due to mistakes in normal biological processes such as DNA replication mutations can be caused by certain environmental agents ALL of these statements are TRUE An alteration in the DNA sequence of a gene that alters the amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide but does NOT alter the function of this polypeptide is defined as a(n) ________ mutation. Question options: frameshift missense NONE of these terms accurately completes this sentence silent neutral nonsensearrow_forward
- Which of the following statements regarding mutation is FALSE? Question options: mutations can be caused by certain environmental agents ALL of these statements are TRUE mutations are usually lethal to the organism mutations in somatic ells of multicellular organisms are not passed to offspring through sexual reproduction mutations typically occur during the production or repair of DNA mutations in bacteria are passed to daughter cells Question 3 A(n) _________ mutation involves the substitution of one purine for another purine. Question options: frameshift transversion transduction translocation transformation transitionarrow_forwardThe genetic alteration responsible for sickle-cell anemia in humans involves: a transition mutation from A to G, substituting glutamic acid for valine in a-globin a transversion mutation from T to A, substituting valine for glutamic acid in b-globin a transition mutation from T to C, substituting valine for glutamic acid in b-globin a transversion mutation from G to C, substituting glutamic acid for valine in a-globin a frameshift mutation of one ATC codon, removing glutamic acid from b-globinarrow_forwardGalactosemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by the inability to metabolize the sugar galactose. People with galactosemia suffer from liver, kidney, and brain damage among other symptoms. A gene mutation underlying galactosemia was identified by sequencing the genome of a person with galactosemia. What additional evidence would support the hypothesis that the mutation in the candidate gene causes the disease?arrow_forward
- Based on standard MS- LS3-1: Fish in a cave system in Mexico is missing its eyes, has thin, translucent skin, and is relatively small (7-10 cm in length). Can you describe by model why structural changes to genes (mutations) on chromosomes may affect proteins and may result in beneficial effects to the structure and function of the fish? Can you answer in the following format? 1- Structure How Structure and Function is Affected by Mutations in Blind Fish Eyes Scales Taste Cells Lateral Line 2- Model to explain what causes these changes: Change: ______________ Adapting an Organism to the Dark Cause: ________________ Stop the Growth of Eyes Effect: ___________________ Fish with Heightened Other Senses References: Video: Rare Blind Cave Fish in Mexican Cave System https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWdtGuDd8z0 Fact Sheet: Blind Cave Fish https://www.denverzoo.org/animals/blind-cave-fish Information: Mexican Tetra…arrow_forwardA/a O A"/a afa Q afa Q Unsupplemented Supplemented b A"/a offspring Unsupplemented mother Supplemented mother This question relates to the aqouti mice research discussed in the lecture. What did the researchers observe in the experimental group (AVYA x aa) that was fed diets high in methyl donors? They gained weight rapidly. Increased expression of aqouti gene. Reduced risk of chronic disease Higher percentage of yellow offspring.arrow_forwardYou are working in the lab with two known carcinogens found in cigarette smoke: Benzo(a)pyren (BaP) and nitrosamine ketone (NNK). BaP is an aromatic hydrocarbon and the mechanism of carcinogenesis is through oxidation reactions with DNA. NNK is a nitrosoamine. Describe how these two kinds of carcinogens lead to mutations. (Be detailed. Remember you are graded on effort/completeness.)arrow_forward
- Huntington disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by gradual, irreversible impairment of psychological, motor, and cognitive functions. Symptoms typically appear in middle age, but onset can occur at almost any age, and the course of the disease can range from 15 to 20 years. The molecular basis of HD is becoming better understood, and the genetic mutation has been traced to a gene that encodes a large protein of unknown function. In individuals who will not develop HD, a region of the gene that encodes the N-terminus of this protein has a sequence of CAG codons (for glutamine) repeated 6 to 39 times in succession. In individuals with adult-onset HD, this codon (3 nucleotides) is typically repeated 40 to 55 times In those with childhood-onset HD, it is repeated more than 70 times. *codon: refers to the 3 nucleotides that code for amino acid. A small portion of the coding sequence of the HD gene is given below. The nucleotide sequence of the DNA is…arrow_forwardLike Hurler syndrome, Fabry disease involves an abnormal accumulationof substances within lysosomes. However, the lysosomes of individuals with Fabry disease show an abnormal accumulation of lipids. The defective enzyme is α-galactosidase A, which is a lysosomal enzyme that functions in lipid metabolism. The defect causes cell damage, especially to the kidneys, heart, and eyes. The gene that encodes α-galactosidase A is found on the X chromosome. Let’s suppose a phenotypically unaffected couple producestwo sons with Fabry disease and one phenotypically unaffecteddaughter. What is the probability that the daughter will have anaffected son?arrow_forwardA polypeptide has the following amino acid sequence: Met-Ser-Pro-Arg-Leu-Glu-Gly The amino acid sequence of this polypeptide was determined in a series of mutants listed in parts a through e. indicate the type of mutation that occurred in the DNA (single-base substitution, insertion, deletion) and the phenotypic effect of the mutation (nonsense mutation, missense mutation, frameshift, etc.). a. Mutant 5: Met-Ser-Pro-Arg-Leu-Leu-Glu-Glyarrow_forward
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage LearningHuman Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305112100Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning