Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (6th Edition)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780134711751
Author: Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Jane B. Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 10, Problem 11SQ
HIV requires an enzyme called _____ to convert its RNA genome to a DNA version. Why is this enzyme a particularly good target for anti-AIDS drugs? (Hint: Would you expect such a drug to harm the human host?)
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Students have asked these similar questions
One of the first and most important targets for drugs to fight infection with HIV (a retrovirus) is the reverse transcriptase enzyme. Why?
Viruses can easily mutate exchange genetic material, mechanisms referred to as antigenic drift and antigenic
shift. These changes allow the virus to evade the immune system defenses. Match each term with the correct
definition
Antigenic drift
[ Choose ]
[Choose ]
Different strains of a virus or strain of different viruses, combine and form a new strain that now has a mixture of the surface antigens
Antigenic shift
The virus changes genetically by accumulating mutations within the genes that code for antibody-binding sites
Would it be effective to use an inhibitor of RNA polymerase to block the HIV replication cycle and subsequent infection of human T cells?
Yes, this would stop the transcription of viral genes and prevent HIV from being able to replicate.
No, these types of inhibitors do not exist and would be impossible to make.
No, this would block transcription of T cell genes, leading to the death of T cells and compromised immune systems in individuals.
Yes, inhibitors of RNA polymerase are easy and relatively inexpensive to produce and make good therapeutics.
Chapter 10 Solutions
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology (6th Edition)
Ch. 10 - A molecule of DNA contains two polymer strands...Ch. 10 - Name the three parts of every nucleotide.Ch. 10 - Prob. 3SQCh. 10 - A scientist inserts a radioactively labeled DNA...Ch. 10 - The nucleotide sequence of a DNA codon is GTA....Ch. 10 - Describe the process by which the information in a...Ch. 10 - Prob. 7SQCh. 10 - A geneticist finds that a particular mutation has...Ch. 10 - Scientists have discovered how to put together a...Ch. 10 - How do some viruses reproduce without ever having...
Ch. 10 - HIV requires an enzyme called _____ to convert its...Ch. 10 - Prob. 12IMTCh. 10 - Prob. 13IMTCh. 10 - Prob. 14IMTCh. 10 - A cell containing a single chromosome is placed in...Ch. 10 - In a classic 1952 experiment, biologists Alfred...Ch. 10 - Prob. 17PSCh. 10 - Prob. 18BSCh. 10 - Prob. 19BSCh. 10 - Flu vaccines have been shown to be safe, are very...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Answer the following 1.Are viruses living or non-living organisms? 2. What is the difference between HIV and AIDS? 3. HIV is classified as a retrovirus. What are retroviruses? 4. In your own words, provide a short summary of the HIV replication cycle. 5. Why is reverse transcriptase an important enzyme in the replication cycle of HIV? 6. In the chapter about enzymes, we have discussed how drugs are basically inhibitors. There are currently a multitude of Antiretroviral therapy (ART or ARV) options available to people living with HIV (PLHIV) so that the viral replication is suppressed and does not progress to AIDS. What do you think these drugs target? Discuss briefly. 7. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes CoVid-19, belongs to the Coronaviridae family. Viruses under this family have a genome made of single-stranded positive-sense RNA. Is this similar to the viral genome of HIV? If so, do you think that – in theory – they would have similar replication cycles? 8. In your own opinion, do…arrow_forwardWhat properties make HIV an "emerging virus"? HIV is now starting to cause diseases other than AIDS, such as rare types of cancers and pneumonias. HIV mutates rapidly, making the virus very different from HIV in the early 1980s. HIV infected humans long before the 1980s, but it has now mutated to a deadlier form. HIV suddenly became apparent and widespread in the 1980s.arrow_forwardRetroviruses, like the HIV, contain an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. Explain the flow of genetic information in HIV.arrow_forward
- The Ebola virus is an enveloped, helical ssRNA virus that replicates quickly. Given this information, which one of the following is a reason why Ebola infection is difficult to fight (both by our bodies and by treatments)? Question 6 options: Because it has many genes and thus replication is slow. Because it doesn't have a membrane. Because viral RNA polymerases make a lot of mistakes. Because it can integrate into the host cell DNA.arrow_forwardmajority of cancers in human are due to mutations in the p53 gene, however, cancers that are caused by human papillomaviruses doesn't. What is the reason why? please help, i am having a hard time understanding thisarrow_forwardViruses are host-specific, meaning they can only infect specific types of host organisms. For examble, the adenovirus is responsible for the common cold in humans but your dog can't catch a cold from you. Why is this? The proteins on the virus surface can only bind with proteins on the correct host surface. It is an enveloped or non-enveloped virus. The enzymes carried by the virus are compatible with the host. The genome of the virus is made of DNA or RNA.arrow_forward
- You have discovered a new disease-causing virus. It has a negative sense RNA genome. Infected individuals often have few-to-no symptoms, but are continuously infectious to other individuals for months after initial infection. Which of the following is likely true about this virus? (Select all that apply) Its genome must first circularize before being translated into proteins It carries a replicase protein into a host cell upon infection. The symptoms of this virus exemplify a latent infection. The virus has infected every cell within an infected individual. The virus must first synthesize the complementary strand RNA before expressing new proteins. The symptoms of this virus exemplify a chronic infection.arrow_forwardIn the Spring and Summer of 2020, mass protests erupted across the US in response to police violence against African Americans. At the same time, the US was experiencing a COVID-19 pandemic. Many public health experts wondered whether participating in these protests (exposure) would be associated with being diagnosed with COVID-19 (outcome). Imagine you have been hired to draft a plan to study this potential association. There are many parts of the discussion. Be sure to answer all questions. • Which study design would you choose? (Almost any design is okay). Explain the factors that influenced why you selected that one. Include some of the benefits/drawbacks of your selected study design and the benefits/drawbacks of ONE of the study designs you did not select. • Write your research question and make a hypothesis about the results. • Research question should be neutral. Do not include words such as "increases" or "decreases." • Hypothesis can include words such as "increases" or…arrow_forwardAn antimicrobial drug binds to the HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme, preventing it from working. Which of the following is true of this drug? It would inhibit early replication steps of some viruses, but not affect normal eukaryotic cell activity. It would directly interfere with translation of some viral proteins and some eukaryotic proteins. It would block assembly/maturation steps of some viruses, and interfere with translation in eukaryotic cells. It would interfere with release of newly formed viruses from a host cell, but not affect eukaryotic cells. It would interfere with protein synthesis in bacteria, but not affect eukaryotic ribosomes. It would interfere with mRNA transcription in bacteria and viruses, but not affect eukaryotic transcription.arrow_forward
- Coronaviridae is a virus “family.” There are actually many different coronaviruses within this group, including less pathogenic virus strains that cause the common cold. Many people in this course have likely been infected with one of these other coronaviruses. A common feature of coronaviruses and other RNA viruses (think influenza virus, HIV, etc.) is that they mutate frequently. This is because the viral enzymes that copy the genome during replication can’t fix mistakes. Given this information, how might we be able to distinguish the SARS-CoV-2 strain from some of the other, less concerning, coronavirus strains?arrow_forwardThe Ebola virus is an enveloped, helical ssRNA virus that replicates quickly. Given this information, which one of the following is a reason why Ebola infection is difficult to fight (both by our bodies and by treatments)? Question 6 options: Because it has many genes and thus replication is slow. Because it doesn't have a membrane. Because viral RNA polymerases make a lot of mistakes. Because it can integrate into the host cell DNA. Previous PageNext Pagearrow_forward‘’Viruses cannot be grown in standard microbiological culture such as broth and agar. They need to be cultured in the presence of a suitable host such as prokaryotic cells (easiest to grow in the lab), plants and animals because they are unable to reproduce independently in living cells’’.2.2 What are the changes that are brought by a virus to a cell? In your response, make reference to the cytopathic effect (CPE).arrow_forward
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