Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781305079243
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 1, Problem 58AE
The early alchemists used to do an experiment in which water was boiled for several days in a sealed glass container. Eventually, some solid residue would appear in the bottom of the flask, which was interpreted to mean that some of the water in the flask had been converted into “earth.” When Lavoisier repeated this experiment, he found that the water weighed the same before and after heating and the mass of the flask plus the solid residue equaled the original mass of the flask. Were the alchemists correct? Explain what happened. (This experiment is described in the article by A. F. Scott in Scientific American, January 1984.)
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Chapter 1 Solutions
Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach
Ch. 1 - Define and e xplain the differences between the...Ch. 1 - Is the scientific method suitable for solving...Ch. 1 - Use Daltons atomic theory to account for each of...Ch. 1 - What evidence led to the conclusion that cathode...Ch. 1 - What discoveries were made by J. J. Thomson, Henri...Ch. 1 - Consider Ernest Rutherfords -particle bombardment...Ch. 1 - Do the proton and the neutron have exactly the...Ch. 1 - What is the distinction between atomic number and...Ch. 1 - Paracelsus, a sixteenth-century alchemist and...Ch. 1 - What is wrong with the following statement? The...
Ch. 1 - Which of the following is true about an individual...Ch. 1 - These questions concern the work of J. J. Thomson....Ch. 1 - Which of the following explain how an ion is...Ch. 1 - You have a chemical in a sealed glass container...Ch. 1 - You may have noticed that when water boils, you...Ch. 1 - One of the best indications of a useful theory is...Ch. 1 - Prob. 9ALQCh. 1 - Which (if any) of the following can be determined...Ch. 1 - The difference between a law and a theory is the...Ch. 1 - As part of a science project, you study traffic...Ch. 1 - Explain the fundamental steps of the scientific...Ch. 1 - When hydrogen is burned in oxygen to form water,...Ch. 1 - Explain the law of conservation of mass, the law...Ch. 1 - Chlorine has two natural isotopes: C1737I and...Ch. 1 - The vitamin niacin (nicotinic acid, C6H5NO2) can...Ch. 1 - Section 1-5 describes the postulates of Daltons...Ch. 1 - The contributions of J. J. Thomson and Ernest...Ch. 1 - What is the modern view of the structure of the...Ch. 1 - The number of protons in an atom determines the...Ch. 1 - If the volume of a proton is similar to the volume...Ch. 1 - Prob. 23QCh. 1 - What refinements had to be made in Daltons atomic...Ch. 1 - When mixtures of gaseous H2 and gaseous Cl2 react,...Ch. 1 - Observations of the reaction between nitrogen gas...Ch. 1 - A sample of chloroform is found to contain 12.0 g...Ch. 1 - A sample of H2SO4 contains 2.02 g of hydrogen,...Ch. 1 - Hydrazine, ammonia, and hydrogen azide al1 contain...Ch. 1 - Consider 100.0-g samples of two different...Ch. 1 - The three most stable oxides of carbon are carbon...Ch. 1 - Two elements, R and Q, combine to form two binary...Ch. 1 - Prob. 33ECh. 1 - In a combustion reaction, 46.0 g of ethanol reacts...Ch. 1 - Early tables of atomic weights (masses) were...Ch. 1 - Indium oxide contains 4.784 g of indium for every...Ch. 1 - Prob. 37ECh. 1 - If you wanted to make an accurate scale model of...Ch. 1 - In an experiment it was found that the total...Ch. 1 - A chemist in a galaxy far, far away performed the...Ch. 1 - Write the symbol of each atom using the ZAX...Ch. 1 - For carbon-14 and carbon-12, how many protons and...Ch. 1 - How many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus...Ch. 1 - What number of protons and neutrons is contained...Ch. 1 - Prob. 45ECh. 1 - Write the atomic symbol (ZAX) for each of the...Ch. 1 - For each of the following ions, indicate the...Ch. 1 - How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in...Ch. 1 - Prob. 49ECh. 1 - What is the symbol of an ion with 16 protons, 18...Ch. 1 - Complete the following table:Ch. 1 - Complete the following table:Ch. 1 - Four Fe2+ ions are key components of hemoglobin,...Ch. 1 - Which of the following statements is/are true? For...Ch. 1 - Identify each of the following elements. Give the...Ch. 1 - The isotope of an unknown element, X, has a mass...Ch. 1 - Prob. 57AECh. 1 - The early alchemists used to do an experiment in...Ch. 1 - In a reaction, 34.0 g of chromium(III) oxide...Ch. 1 - Prob. 60CWPCh. 1 - Complete the following table. Atmos Number of...Ch. 1 - Complete the following table.Ch. 1 - Which of the following is( are) correct? a. C40a2+...Ch. 1 - Prob. 64CPCh. 1 - Each of the following statements is true, but...Ch. 1 - Reaction of 2.0 L of hydrogen gas with 1.0 L of...Ch. 1 - A combustion reaction involves the reaction of a...Ch. 1 - A chemistry instructor makes the following claim:...Ch. 1 - You have two distinct gaseous compounds made from...Ch. 1 - Using the information in Table 1-1, answer the...Ch. 1 - A single molecule has a mass of 7.31 1023 g....Ch. 1 - You have gone back in time and are working with...
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- The early alchemists used to do an experiment in which water was boiled for several days in a sealed glass container. Eventually. some solid residue would appear in die bottom of the flask, which was interpreted to mean that some of the water in the flask had been converted into earth. When Lavoisier repeated this experiment, he found that the water weighed the same before and after heating, and the mass of die flask plus the solid residue equaled the original mass of the flask. Were the alchemists correct? Explain what really happened. (This experiment is described in the article by A. F. Scott in Scientific American, January 1984.)arrow_forwardEach of the following statements is true, but Dalton might have had trouble explaining some of them with his atomic theory. Give explanations for the following statements. a. The space-filling models for ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether are shown below. These two compounds have die same composition by mass (52% carbon, 13% hydrogen, and 35% oxygen), yet the two have different melting points, boiling points, and solubilities in water. b. Burning wood leaves an ash that is only a small fraction of the mass of the original wood. c. Atoms can be broken down into smaller particles. d. One sample of lithium hydride is 87.4% lithium by mass, while another sample of lithium hydride Ls 74.9% lithium by mass. However, the two samples have the same chemical properties.arrow_forwardThe isotope of an unknown element, X, has a mass number of 79. The most stable ion of this isotope has 36 electrons and has a 2 charge. Which of the following statements is(are) true? For the false statements, correct them. a. This ion has more electrons than protons in the nucleus. b. The isotope of X contains 38 protons. c. The isotope of X contains 41 neutrons. d. The identity of X is strontium, Sr.arrow_forward
- Mass spectrometric analysis showed that there are four isotopes of an unknown element having the following masses and abundances: Three elements in the periodic table that have atomic weights near these values are lanthanum (La), atomic number 57, atomic weight 138.9055; cerium (Ce), atomic number 58, atomic weight 140.115; and praseodymium (Pr), atomic number 59, atomic weight 140.9076. Using the data above, calculate the atomic weight, and identify the element if possible.arrow_forwardYou may have noticed that when water boils, you can see bubbles that rise to die surface of the water. Which of die following is inside these bubbles? Explain. a. air b. hydrogen and oxygen gas c. oxygen gas d. water vapor e. carbon dioxide gasarrow_forwardWhich of the following is{are) correct? a. 40Ca2 contains 20 protons and 18 electrons. b. Rutherford created the cathode-ray tube and was the founder of the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron. c. An electron is heavier than a proton. d. The nucleus contains protons, neutrons, and electrons.arrow_forward
- a. Classify the following elements as metals or nonmetals: Mg Si Rn Ti Ge Rn Au B Am Bi At Br b. The distinction between metals and nonmetals is really not a clear one. Some elements, called metalloids, are intermediate in their properties. Which of these elements would you reclassify as metalloids? What other elements in the periodic table would you expect to be metalloids?arrow_forwardA hypothetical element X is found to have an atomic weight of 37.45 amu. Element X has only two isotopes, X-37 and X-38. The X-37 isotope has a fractional abundance of 0.7721 and an isotopic mass of 37.24. What is the isotopic mass of the other isotope?arrow_forwardDetermine whether each statement that follows is true or false. a Dalton proposed that atoms of different elements always combine on a one-to-one basis. b According to Dalton, all oxygen atoms have the same diameter. c The mass of an electron is about the same as the mass of a proton. d There are subatomic particles in addition to the electron, proton, and neutron. e The mass of an atom is uniformly distributed throughout the atom. f Most of the particles fired into the gold foil in the Rutherford experiment were not deflected. g The masses of the proton and electron are equal but opposite in sign. h Isotopes of an element have different electrical charges. i The atomic number of an element is the number of particles in the nucleus of an atom of that element. j An oxygen 16 atom has the same number of protons as an oxygen17 atom. k The nuclei of nitrogen atoms have a different number of protons from the nuclei of any other element. l Neutral atoms of sulfur have a different number of electrons from neutral atoms of any other element. m Isotopes of different elements that exhibit the same mass number exhibit similar chemical behavior. n The mass number of carbon 12 atom is exactly 12g. o Periods are arranged vertically in the periodic table. p The atomic mass of the second element in the farthest right column of the periodic table is 10u. q Nb is the symbol of the element for which Z=41. r Elements in the same column of the periodic table have similar properties. s The element for which Z=38 is in both Group 2A/2 and the fifth period.arrow_forward
- Define the term atomic weight. Why might the values of atomic weights on a planet elsewhere in the universe be different from those on earth?arrow_forwardThere are 2.619 1022 atoms in 1.000 g of sodium. Assume that sodium atoms are spheres of radius 1.86 and that they are lined up side by side. How many miles in length is the line of sodium atoms?arrow_forward
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