Genetics: From Genes to Genomes, 5th edition
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780073525310
Author: Leland H. Hartwell, Michael L. Goldberg, Janice A. Fischer, Leroy Hood, Charles F. Aquadro
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Videos
Textbook Question
Chapter 1, Problem 11P
Mutations in genes that change their pattern of expression (the time and cell type in which the gene product is produced) are thought to be a major factor in the evolution of different organisms. Would you expect the same protein to perform the same bio-chemical function (for example, the same enzymatic reaction) in two different types of cells - for example, cells in the retina of the eye and muscle cells? Would you expect the same protein to function in the same biochemical pathway (for example, bind the same substrate) in eye cells and muscle cells?
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solution
Students have asked these similar questions
Beadle and Tatum's experiments led to the "one gene - one enzyme (protein)" hypothesis. In subsequent years, many exceptions to this hypothesis were noted. A molecule of hemoglobin fails to support this hypothesis for which of the following reasons?
n eukaryotes, one gene can code form multiple isoforms of a polypeptide.
The functional hemoglobin protein is made from multiple polypeptides.
Not all enzymes are proteins.
Not all genes encode proteins.
In humans, the AMY1 gene produces the enzyme amylase in cells of the salivary glands. Amylase breaks down starch (a polysaccharide) into the sugar maltose (a disaccharide). People from cultures with diets high in starch produce more amylase than people from cultures with diets low in starch because of a mutation in the AMY1 gene. Explain in two to three sentences why the frequency of this AMY1 mutation would have increased in frequency in populations with a high starch diet.
Galactosemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by the inability to metabolize the sugar galactose. People with galactosemia suffer from liver, kidney, and brain damage among other symptoms. A gene mutation underlying galactosemia was identified by sequencing the genome of a person with galactosemia. What additional evidence would support the hypothesis that the mutation in the candidate gene causes the disease?
Chapter 1 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes, 5th edition
Ch. 1 - Choose the phrase from the right column that best...Ch. 1 - If one strand of a DNA molecule has the base...Ch. 1 - The size of one copy of the human genome is...Ch. 1 - Indicate whether each of the following words or...Ch. 1 - a. How many different DNA strands composed of 100...Ch. 1 - Why do scientists think that all forms of life on...Ch. 1 - Why would a geneticist study a yeast cell or a...Ch. 1 - How can a scientist tell if a protein present in...Ch. 1 - Why do scientists think that new genes arise by...Ch. 1 - Explain how the exon/intron structure of genes...
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- The amino acid asparagine is synthesized from aspartic acid by the enzyme asparagine synthetase (AS). In the previous problem you proposed a model for how this gene could be regulated. Suppose that you carry out an experiment to test your model. To do this you cut out the regulatory sequences upstream of the gene and fuse it to a gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). Now you can visually observe when the gene is activated. You insert this engineered gene into a host cell and look for GFP expression. You discover some mutants that have different expression levels of GFP and call them GFP1- and GFP2-. The expression levels of GFP are given below. Cell GFP expression Wild type 100 GFP1- 50 GFP2- 0 Propose an explanation for these results based on your model. In other words, what was mutated and how? Your answer should include whether the mutation is (see links for more information): dominant or recessive https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21578/#A1877…arrow_forwardYou are studying a bacterial metabolic pathway that results in the synthesis of a product, vitalin, that is essential for survival. In the figure below, each number represents an intermediate product, and each letter represents the enzyme (protein) that catalyzes that step. 3 >5'> Vitalin a Compound -"> 1 – Z. 4 > Vitalin You find that bacteria with mutations in either c or f can survive, but a bacterial cell that has mutations in both c and f cannot survive. For every mutation, assume that the bacteria have other functional proteins in the pathway. Which of the following mutants can grow on media containing only intermediate 3? Select all that apply Mutant f Mutant b Mutant d Mutant carrow_forwardThe amino acid asparagine is synthesized from aspartic acid by the enzyme asparagine synthetase (AS). In the previous problem you proposed a model for how this gene could be regulated. Suppose that you carry out an experiment to test your model. To do this you cut out the regulatory sequences upstream of the gene and fuse it to a gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). Now you can visually observe when the gene is activated. You insert this engineered gene into a host cell and look for GFP expression. You discover some mutants that have different expression levels of GFP and call them GFP1- and GFP2-. The expression levels of GFP are given below. Cell GFP expression Wild type 100 GFP1- 50 GFP2- 0 Propose an explanation for these results based on your model. In other words, what was mutated and how? This answer should include whether the mutation is (view links for more information): dominant or recessive https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21578/#A1877 in a cis…arrow_forward
- Many aspects of gene function can be nicely explained with the one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis, which states that a gene controls the production of an enzyme. Which of the following findings about gene expression, though, requires an expansion of this simple concept? Choose an answer below: Non-enzyme proteins are made from genes too. Some genes code for RNA molecules only. Enzymes composed of different polypeptides are coded for by more than one gene. a and c, but not b a, b, and carrow_forwardYou are a molecular biologist studying a defective human protein that is known to be the cause of a rare cancer. You isolate the suspected protein from a person with this cancer and compare it to the same protein in a person without the cancer. You discover that the protein isolated from the cancer patient is slightly smaller in size when compared to the protein from the unaffected patient. Furthermore, you discover that the protein from the cancer patient differs in almost every amino acid starting after the twenty-third amino acid. What is the likely explanation?arrow_forwardDomestic dogs are closely related to wolves. Wolves have one copy of the gene that encodes the enzyme amylase. Amylase is required to digest starch. Dogs have between 4 and 30 copies of this gene. Explain how the new copies arose in the genome of the domestic dog. Compare this to the evolution of lactase persistence in humans. Explain how the diet and environment of a dog compared to a wolf would result in fixation of the duplicated gene. What possible explanation is there for the variation of copy number among dog breeds?arrow_forward
- Biochemistry: Site-directed mutagenesis, in which individual amino acid residues are replaced with others, is a powerful method to study enzyme mechanisms. In experiments with particular enzyme, various lysine residues were replaced with aspartate, yielding the results summarized in the table below: Enzyme Form: Enzyme Activity (U/mg) Native enzyme: 1,000 U/mg Recombinant Lys 21 to Asp 21: 970 U/mg Recombinant Lys 86 to Asp 86: 100 U/mg Recombinant Lys 101 to Asp 101: 970 U/mg a. What might be inferred about the role of Lys 21, 86, and 101 in the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme? b. Discuss where within the enzyme one might find Lys 21 and 101. Are these residues likely to be evolutionary conserved in this enzyme? Explain c. Is Lys position 86 likely to be evolutionary conserved? Explainarrow_forwardIn order to manufacture insulin for patients with diabetes, scientists create recombinant DNA by inserting a human insulin gene into bacterial DNA, and have the bacteria produce human insulin. Using knowledge about gene expression, what must the scientists do to the DNA sequence of the human insulin gene BEFORE inserting into the bacteria, in order to have them produce the same insulin sequence that humans would produce? Explain.arrow_forwardYou are a molecular biologist studying a defective human protein that is known to be a cause of a rare cancer. You isolate the suspected protein from a person with this cancer and compare it to the same protein in a person without the cancer. You discover that the protein isolated from the cancer patient is slightly smaller in size when compared to the protein from the unaffected patient. Furthermore, you discover that the protein from the cancer patient differs in almost every amino acid starting after the 23rd amino acid. What is the likely explanation?arrow_forward
- Many aspects of gene function can be nicely explained with the one- gene-one-enzyme hypothesis, which states that a gene controls the production of an enzyme. Which of the following findings about gene expression, though, requires an expansion of this simple concept? Non-enzyme proteins are made from genes too. Some genes code for RNA molecules only. Enzymes composed of different polypeptides are coded for by more than one gene. a and c, but not b a, b, and carrow_forwardGene Expression: 14) Look at the diagram: a) For each of the molecules in the diagram, identify what type of molecule they are, and label their ends (3',5',N,C). b) For each arrow, name the process and identify the major enzymes involved. c) Where do each of these activities take place in a bacterial cell? In a eukaryotic cell? Draw a picture if it helps you explain it.arrow_forwardProvide a detailed description of gene expression and control in prokaryotes. Provide a detailed description of proteins critical for this process. (please hand draw a figure showing gene expression and control in prokaryotes and the proteins involved)arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSON
Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:PEARSON
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781259398629
Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780815344322
Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781260159363
Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9781260231700
Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:McGraw Hill Education
Bacterial Genomics and Metagenomics; Author: Quadram Institute;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6IdVTAFXoU;License: Standard youtube license