Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134580999
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher: PEARSON
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You are growing E. coli in a laboratory in order to study their operons. The growth media you are using contains lactose, no glucose and no tryptophan. Using your knowledge of operons and their regulation
a.Which operons would be functional under these conditions?
b.What repressors would be made? (NOTE: name the repressors using their gene names)
c.Which repressor(s) would be made in the inactive form?
d.Which repressor(s) would be made in the active form?
e.Which repressor(s) under these conditions can bind the operator sequence?
f.Which repressor(s)under these conditions cannot bind the operator sequence?
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- You are doing a genetic engineering experiment. You use restrictions enzymes to cut the regulatory sequences from the lac operon and replace them with the regulatory sequences of the trp operon. Specifically, you will eliminate everything upstream of the beginning of lacZ and replace them with the trp sequences upstream of the beginning of trpE, including trpR. Now, describe the regulation of your ñew constructed gene. What will you do to get expression of the three lac genes? The lac Operon and its Control Elements lacl CAP P lacz lacY lacA genes 5 DNA binding site 3 AUG AUG AUG messenger RNA RNA polymerase blocked from transcribing trp operon Regulatory gene trp operon T PR Ptrp DNA trpR trpE trpD trpC trpB trpA Repressor bound to operator Promoter 5' trpR-MRNA R (a) Tryptophan present, repressor bound to operator, operon repressed. When complexed with tryptophan, the repressor protein produced by the trpR gene binds tightly to the trp operator, thereby preventing RNA polymerase from…arrow_forwardWhich of the following is the most likely target of retinoblastoma protein (RB)? a kinase involved in secretion a protein responsible for ATP production DNA polymerase Phosphodiesterase, which breaks phosphodiester bondsarrow_forwardThe regulation of the trp operon genes by the Trp repressor protein is an example of ______ gene regulation. A.)positive B.)negativearrow_forward
- Mutations in the genes of the lac operon might affect the regulation of β-galactosidase synthesis. For each mutation listed below, indicating whether β-galactosidase would be regulated normally, always ON or always OFF. a. Mutation in operator site prevents repressor binding b. Mutation in lacIgene prevents repressor from binding operator c. Mutation in lacIgene prevents repressor from binding allolactose d. Nonsense mutation in lacZgenerearrow_forwardOne of the main lessons of this chapter is that several bacterial genes are often transcribed from a single promoter into a large multigene (polycistronic) transcript. The region of DNA containing the set of genes that are cotranscribed, along with all of the regulatory elements that control the expression of these genes, is called an operon. a. Which of the mechanisms in the following list (i-vi) could explain differences in the levels of the mRNAs for different operons? Different promoters might have different DNA sequences Different promoters might be recognized by different types of RNA polymerase The secondary structures of mRNAs might differ which will influence the rate at which they are degraded by ribonucleases. In an operon, some genes are farther away from the promoter than other genes The translational initiation sequences at the beginning of different open reading frames in an operon might result in different efficiencies of translation Proteins encoded by different genes…arrow_forwardThe map of the lac operon is: POZY The promoter (P) region is the start site of transcription through the binding of the RNA polymerase molecule before actual MRNA production. Mutationally altered promoters (P') cannot bìnd the RNA polymerase molecule. Certain predictions can be made about the effect of P mutations. Use your knowledge of the lactose system to complete the table below. Insert a "+" where enzyme is produced and a "-" where enzyme is not produced. Indicate whether the partial diploid strain is lac* (able to grow on lactose-only medium) or lac( cannot grow in lactose medium). B-Galactosidase Permease Phenotype (Lac or Number Genotype No Lactose Lactose No Lactose Lactose Lac) P*O*Z*Y# Example lac+ I*p*O*z*Y* a Ip*o+z*Y* I*p*oCz*Y C I*p*o+z*Yarrow_forward
- Tryptophan (Trp) attenuation is an extra mechanism of regulation of trp operon when trp level is too high. Attenuation causes premature transcription termination. b) Predict what will happen if trp repressor lose its allosteric effect.arrow_forwardA lake with low nutrient levels and very clear water is called eutrophic oligotrophic a dead zone a septic zone oxygen depletedarrow_forwardWhen iron is scarce, some bacteria can stop synthesis of all enzymes that require iron (Fe3+), such as superoxide dismutase (SOD). Which of the following accurately describes a mechanism for this regulation? Mark all that apply. A. Regulation occurs by an inducible operon B. When absent, the lack of iron causes the repressor to deactivate and block the promoter region for these genes C. Regulation occurs by a repressible operon D. When present, iron binds and activates the repressor proteinarrow_forward
- You identify a mutant that affects lac operon expression. You decide to investigate this mutant further by adding a construct into the mutant's cells that contains a wild type version of the full lac operon as well as lacl. When haploid, the lac operon is uninducible. When the wild type construct is added to make a merodiploid, the lac operon is still uninducible. Based on the mutant phenotypes we learned about in class, indicate which of the following might be mutated in the mutant (if there is more than one possibility, then list them all). O The lac repressor tetramerization/dimerization domain is mutated. The lac repressor ligand-binding domain is mutated. The operator is mutated. The lac repressor DNA-binding domain is mutated. O The lac repressor is deleted in the mutant.arrow_forwardA haploid E. coli cell has the genotype I ¯ P+ O+ Z+ Y ¯ where the I ¯ indicates that the repressor protein cannot bind to the operator due to a mutation. Which of the following statements about cells with this lac operon genotype are correct? I ¯ P+ O+ Z+ Y ¯ Select all that apply. β-galactosidase will be transcribed constitutively. The cells are able to import lactose across the cell membrane. The cells are lac+ and are able to grow on a medium with lactose but no glucose. RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter.arrow_forwardAn activator (protein “V” – not encoded by this operon) binds to the activating region and RNA polymerase is bound to promoter. Describe what is occurring in terms of operon regulation/control.arrow_forward
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