Write a note on negative feedback mechanism and positive feedback back mechanism with two examples of each in the form of flow chart?

Explain how an imbalance in any given physiological variable may produce a change in one or more other variables.

Explain what are countercurrent exchangers? Explain how are they used in the conservation of temperature.  How is it used to extract oxygen in gills?  How is it used to eliminate waste in the Malpighian tubules?  How is a counter current multiplier used to concentrate urine in the kidney?

What would be the impact on obligatory volume if humans had a medullary concentration gradient extending to 2000 mOsm/L?

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Pressure sensing by the kidneys is a better surrogate for: A. Heart rate B. Stroke volume C. Cardiac output D. Differences in water concentration between the intracellular and extracellular compartments

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Diuretics cause sodium excretion. Sodium follows water. Therefore, diuretics lead to a reduction in volume (remember BP = heart rate x volume x blood vessel tone (SVR)). Since diuretics lower volume, they lower BP. When would diuretics be indicated? When would they be contraindicated?

sodium-potassium pumps are the driving force behind

Sensory information about pH is taken to the medulla for integration. What is the medullas solution to bring pH back to normal? hyperventilation, vasoconstriction, or hypoventilation.