Explain what are countercurrent exchangers? Explain how are they used in the conservation of temperature. How is it used to extract oxygen in gills? How is it used to eliminate waste in the Malpighian tubules? How is a counter current multiplier used to concentrate urine in the kidney?
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- Explain what are countercurrent exchangers? Explain how are they used in the conservation of temperature. How is it used to extract oxygen in gills? How is it used to eliminate waste in the Malpighian tubules? How is a counter current multiplier used to concentrate urine in the kidney?
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- One type of diuretic given to people with high blood pressure, renal disease and congestive heart failure are thiazide-type diuretics. These drugs inhibit sodium ion reabsorption by inhibiting the transport in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. A) What does it mean to inhibit the transport of sodium ions in the loop of Henle? B) Explain how this inhibition of sodium ions in the loop of Henle could help increase urine production.Describe countercurrent exchange in the gills of fish. How does it increase the effectiveness of gills?This diagram illustrates which of the following Choose from the following: (A) secretion of hydrogen via Na+/H+ exchange ions by the proximal convoluted tubule (B) reabsorption of bicarbonate ions by intercalated cells (A) in the collecting duct (C) secretion of H+ by H+K+/ATPase pumps in the intercalated cells (A) in the collecting duct (D) A and B (E) all of the above
- One model of the glomerular membrane is a microporous membrane in which right cylindrical pores penetrate all the way through the membrane. Assume that the pores have a length of 50 nm and a radius of 3.5 nm. The viscosity of plasma is 0.002 Pa s. The average hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus is 60 mm Hg, hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space is 20 mm Hg and the average oncotic pressure of glomerular capillary blood is 28 mm Hg. A. Calculate the flow through a single pore assuming laminar flow (use the Poiseuille flow equation) B. How many pores would there have to be to produce a normal GFR? C. If the total aggregate area of the kidneys for filtration is 1.5 m2, what is the density of the pores (number of pores per unit area)? D. What fraction of the area is present as pores?The renal handling of a novel drug is being studied. When the drug is present in the blood, it is filtered into the Bowman’s capsule and secreted via transport proteins in the renal tubules, but it is NOT reabsorbed. The lines on the following graph represent filtration, secretion and excretion rates of this drug at various plasma concentrations. For the three lines shown (labeled A-C) identify which line represents filtration, which line represents secretion, and which line represents excretion Explain how you determined this.Even though mutations of aquaporin-3 and aquaporin-4 in the collecting duct have not been described in the literature, if mutationsoccurred that resulted in a reduced number of these aquaporins in thecells of the collecting ducts, how would urine volume and concentrationbe affected? Would ADH be an effective treatment?
- The diagram below of part of a nephron shows some of the pressure gradients that are involved in the movement of fluids from blood to the glomerular filtrate within the Bowman's capsule. The numbers represent hydrostatic pressure in kPA. Afferent arteriole (9.32) Glomerulus Efferent arteriole (2.34) -Bowman's caps Colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma in the glomerular capillaries (4.26) Net fitration Distal convoluted Proximal convoluted tubule tubule (1.33)What is an example of a diagram that explains the core concept of flow down gradients in the urinary system/kidneys?Explain the concept of a countercurrent multiplier system and how it works in the kidneys. What is the importance of this system to the function of the kidneys?
- Describe the countercurrent exchange system that maintains the concentration gradient.What is the advantage of producing 180 L of filtrate each day only to reabsorb 178 L (99%) of the filtered material?Na+ ions are actively transported out of the tubules to help set up the countercurrent multiplier. Which of the following are sites of active Na+ ion transport in the nephron?