Why do you think two signals are required for B- and T-cell activation but only one signal is required for activation of an APC?
A cell that displays antigen bound by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins on its surface is known as an antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell. The T cell receptors on T cells may be able to identify these complexes. T-cells are presented with antigens by APCs. Antigens can be presented in various ways by nearly all cell types. They can be found in many different types of tissue.
Antigen-activated B cells can also deliver the requisite costimulatory molecules to activate the T cell's CD28 receptor, in addition to their ability to choose antigen-correct T cells. To activate 56 T cells, you'll need two signals. The first signal is delivered by their antigen receptor, whereas the second signal is provided by APCs such as monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, or B cells, and is commonly provided by CD28. T cells do not mount an immune response to self-antigens because of the two-signaling requirement. T cells have no way of knowing which antigens are harmful and which are not.
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- In what way does the T cell’s membrane receptors differ from the B cell’s membrane receptor? In other words, what will each bind to?arrow_forwardIn the antibody-mediated immune response, the binding of some antigen-presenting B cells to helper T cells initiates a signal transduction pathway that transforms the B cells into plasma cells, which will synthesize and secrete large quantities of antibodies-a specialized subset of proteins responsible for attaching to the antigen on the outer surface of pathogens. Which of the following describes the most relevant intracellular change to B cells as they are transformed into plasma cells? A B a breakdown of some membrane-bound proteins to allow synthesized antibodies to more readily diffuse across the membrane of the plasma cell с an increase in the surface area of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in order to allow the binding of a large number of ribosomes for antibody synthesis D an increase in the number of lysosomes in order to facilitate the storage of synthesized antibodies ahead of their transport out of the cell an increase in the volume of the mitochondria in order to increase…arrow_forwardAll of the following statements concerning regulatory T cells (Treg) are correct, EXCEPT: The regulatory cytokines produced by regulatory T cells are IL-12 and TGF-B O Thymocytes that recognize self-antigen in the thymus with a certain affinity become natural (central) regulatory T cells O In the periphery T cells that recognize self-antigen in the presence of TGF-B become induced regulatory T cells O A Treg cell can suppress self-reactive lymphocytes that recognize peptides different from that recognized itself provided that the peptides are derived from the same tissue O A Treg cell can suppress self-reactive lymphocytes that recognize peptides different from that recognized by itself provided that the peptides are presented by the same antigen-presenting cell (APC)arrow_forward
- True / False: Affinity maturation is the process by which the affinity of BCRs and TCRs produced in response to antigen increases with prolonged orrepeated exposure to that antigen. True / False: TLRs are only expressed on the cell surface, and function to detect PAMPS and DAMPS. True / False: T cells undergo positive, but not negative, selection during cellular development. True / False: The Fc portion of antibodies consist exclusively of the heavy chain. True / False: ADCC relies on the activity of mostly basophils or mast cells.arrow_forwardImmune cells from the innate immunity arm are capable of participating in adaptive immunity. describe how it is possible for innate immune cells to contribute to adaptive immunity?arrow_forwardA T cell can have TCRs with two different alpha chains. Explain how this can occur and why we typically only see mature T cells with one alpha chain.arrow_forward
- The TNF family of cytokines and their receptors are critical for the development of secondary lymphoid organs, such as the lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches. As a consequence, knockout mice lacking expression of LT-b fail to develop most of these structures. Reconstitution of irradiated LT-b-deficient mice with bone marrow stem cells from wild-type mice (e.g., LT-b-sufficient) would: Restore all missing lymphoid structures in the recipient mice Restore the missing lymphoid structures but not the missing follicular dendritic cells in the recipient mice Restore the missing follicular dendritic cells but not the missing lymphoid structures in the recipient mice Have no effect on any lymphoid structures in the recipient mice Only restore the proper organization of B cell follicles in the recipient micearrow_forwardWhat are the similarities and divergences between Immunoglobulin and T-Cell Receptor (TCR) rearrangement? What are the genes and key enzymes involved in this process?arrow_forwardWhich mechanisms theoretically prevent B and T lymphocyte auto-reactivity? Which tissues and cells are involved?arrow_forward
- Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a. plasma cell: mediation of phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms in the plasma b. megakaryocyte: formation of platelets c. dendritic cell: activation of adaptive immune responses d. natural killer cell: develops from a common lymphoid progenitor e. neutrophil: formation of pus f. regulatory T cell: inhibition of T-cell activity.arrow_forwardIndividuals or mice with defects in the biochemical pathways needed for loading peptides onto MHC molecules show greatly increased susceptibility to virus infections. Experiments examining the MHC molecules present on the surface of host cells in these individuals would show: Normal numbers of MHC molecules expressed on host cells, but no peptides bound to them. Very low levels of total MHC proteins expressed on the cell surface. Normal numbers of MHC proteins on the surface but all of them bound to self-peptides not pathogen peptides. Very high levels of total MHC proteins expressed on the cell surface. Only virus-infected cells expressing high levels of MHC proteins on the cell surface.arrow_forwardHow is clonal selection related to the vast number of possible B and T-cell receptor binding conformations? Draw a picture to illustrate your explanation.arrow_forward
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