In what way does the T cell’s membrane receptors differ from the B cell’s membrane receptor? In other words, what will each bind to?

Q: Cytotoxic effector T cells also produce inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-g and TNF-a when their…

A: According to the question, we have to find out the reason behind the enhanced activity of the…

Q: Immature B-cells express only IgM on its membrane, and if it encounters antigen the IgM will be…

A: Switch Recombination:- It is a process in immune system where B-cells changes the class of…

Q: What activates a Helper T-cell?

A: Immune system is system which helps our body to fight against the foreign substances which will…

Q: What are the two proteins/factors produced by cytotoxic - T cells to kill a virally-infected cell-

A: Introduction : It is type of immune cell which  kill certain cells, including foreign cells,…

Q: What is the two types of cells that result from activation of B and T cells?

A: Introduction: - The T and B lymphocytes (T and B Cells) are involved in antigen-specific immune…

Q: How do T cells recognize their targets?

A: T cell, are types of white blood cells, essential for the immune system. T cells originate in the…

Q: If a given B cell produces only one type of antibody, how do organisms produce a great diversity of…

A: The capability of the body to induce immune response is called immunity. The foreign particle that…

Q: Explain the negative and positive selection in t cell maturation. What does the cell learn in the…

A: Negative and positive selection are two critical processes that occur during T cell maturation in…

Q: Compare B cell receptors and T cell receptors for the following criteria: BCR TCR Tyrosine kinases…

A: B-Cell Receptors These are those specific receptors that are present specifically on the surface of…

Q: If you were missing the gene sequence that codes for CD3, what consequence would this have on T…

A: Cells that exclusively exhibit certain cell types' as cell surface markers are biological molecules…

Q: Would you expect to activate RtKs by exposing the exterior of cells to antibodies that bind to the…

A: The organ system accountable for imparting resistance against diseases is the immune system. This…

Q: What accounts for the change in a B cell’s ability to bind antigen?

A: B cells are also known as B lymphocytes are special types of blood cells which belong to the group…

Q: Antibodies can have multiple mechanisms of action. The main mechanism is "flagging" a foreign body…

A: Antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins that are produced by the immune system as a result of the…

Q: A patient has contracted an upper respiratory infection caused by a virus. Her initial adaptive…

A: Immunity is the body’s ability to resist and eliminate the potential harmful foreign invaders to…

Q: A mouse is infected with staphylococcal bacteria through a laceration in the skin of its paw.…

A: Dendritic cells are important immune system regulators. They act as a bridge between the innate and…

Q: What is the mechanism used by B cells to increase antibody diversity should be determined.

A: Antigens refer to a substance that is foreign or external to the human body and arouses an immune…

Q: Put the following steps in order for cell-mediated immunereactions:(a) Differentiated T cells…

A: Cell-mediated immune response can be defined as the immune response generated by the cells such as…

Q: If a B cell receptor does not pass selection, is it better to be self-reactive against a…

A: In the primary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes and spleen, the selection is positive and…

Q: What happens when a helper T cell is activated?

A: An example of an immune cell is the helper T-cell. They are among the major cell types that are…

Q: How are the activities of natural killer cells and phagocytes similar and different?

A: Natural killer cells are lymphocytes with cytotoxic potential against virus-infected and certain…

Q: Where does the antigen binding region of a BCR and an antibody molecule occur?

A: The B cell receptor (BCR) is a protein on the surface of the B cell composed of membrane bound…

Q: How do cytotoxic T cells destroy cells bearing foreign antigens?

A: Immunology is a section of biology that includes the study of molecules, cells, and organs that…

Q: How does the design of CAR T-cell therapies address the limitation of requiring 2 signals for full T…

A: CAR T-cell therapies are a type of immunotherapy that involves genetically modifying a patients T…

Q: Distinguish among the functions of the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3segments of the T cell receptor.

A: Introduction: T cell receptors (TCR) are present on T lymphocytes that are one of the immune cells…

Q: Which proteins involved in the activation of T cells have the capacity for transduction without the…

A: For the activation of T-cell, there are three types of proteins which come into play:- MHC proteins…

Q: What problems would arise if a person had a hereditary deficiency that resulted in an inability to…

A: Malnutrition is the key component which cause immunodeficiency. It occur when one or more…

Q: Which of the following T cells would survive education in the thymus? (a) one that recognizes…

A: T cells can sense the intracellular pathogen because the infected cells display surface peptide…

Q: How is the antibody-antigen complex (immune complex) described or characterized by affinity and…

A: Affinity refers to the strength of a single interaction between an antibody binding site (paratope)…

Q: What do T cell receptors do and tell How many T cell receptors do T cells have?

A: Lymphocytes are the white blood cells, which also act as the main type of immune cell in an…

Q: Where is the CD4 receptor?  What is it’s role in the immune response? (provide details – innate vs…

A: The human immune system is made up of the ancient innate immune system that originated from…

Q: How do T cells, NK cells and macrophages recognize and destroy cells?

A: Our body is defended against various attacks, internal as well as external by a very specialised…

Q: How do helper and cytotoxic T cells recognize and respond to antigens?

A: The body has the innate and adaptive type of immune response. Adaptive immunity is a specific type…

Q: During the early developmental stages of α:β T cells in the thymus, there are two key checkpoints…

A: The T cells are mainly derived from hematopoietic stem cells present in the bone marrow. The…

Q: Which cleavage pattern (indicated by the red triangles in figure below) yields a fragment that has…

A: The biological impact of an antibody on a microorganism or its toxin in the context of infectious…

Q: What are two types of long-lived cells derived from the B cell lineage? Where are these cells…

A: B cells are a type of white blood cell that helps the immune system fight foreign invaders including…

Q: Why are Helper T cells only responsive to antigen presenting cells (APC)?

A: Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for…

Q: The B-cell co-receptor, composed of CD19/CD21/CD81, is a receptor that binds to complement fragments…

A: A co-receptor is a type of cell surface receptor that functions by binding a signaling molecule in…

Q: Fig. 1. AKAP11 and RIα are degraded by autophagy. (A) Brain lysates of Atg7F/F (Control) and…

A: The objective of the question is to explain the diagrams A-H in the given context. These diagrams…

Q: How are antigen-presenting cells and helper T cells involved in B-cell activation?

A: Helper T cells are a type of white blood cell that play a central role in the immune response. They…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.