Q: What is the role of dendritic cells in the innate immune system?
A:
Q: How are the activities of natural killer cells and phagocytes similar and diff erent?
A: The organ system of the body serves the function of eliminating the foreign pathogen from the body…
Q: Which Escherichia coli genes are activated and which arerepressed during the stringent response, and…
A: Bacteria are microorganism that most commonly occur in the soil, air, water and in adverse…
Q: What is the role of prostaglandins in the inflammatoryresponse?
A: Prostaglandins are the lipid based compounds, found in animals, which have hormone like effects.…
Q: What is the mechanism of type II hypersensitivity?
A: Type II hypersensitivity is a type of mechanisms of the immune system of the body. The immune system…
Q: How does YopJ block the TAK1 signaling pathway?
A: Yersinia outer protein J (YopJ) is a serine/threonine kinase that acetylates various MAP kinases…
Q: Phagocytes are drawn to the area of cell damage by histamine by a process called
A: Phagocytes are categorised as white blood cells. They are responsible for engulfing cellular debris,…
Q: • In what ways does the classical pathway of complementactivation differ from the mannose-binding…
A: The complement system is also known as complement cascade and is a part of innate immune system. The…
Q: Apart from iron, which other cation has a clinically significant binding with transferrin?
A: A positively charged ion is called the cation. While the negatively charged are termed as the…
Q: Define thymosin-β4,
A: A cell is the basic structural and functional key of life. A cell has multiple organelles that carry…
Q: Describe the mechanisms that limit signaling by the phosphoinositide pathway.
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Q: he alternative pathway is an amplification loop for C3b formation that is accelerated by properdin…
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Q: Explain how the chemical messenger histamine is biosynthesized and how it elicits each symptom of…
A: Histamine is considered as the chemical messenger, which is produced by the mast cell.
Q: What are the functions of Natural killer cells?
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Q: Which components of the phosphoinositide signaling system are soluble and which are associated with…
A: The phosphoinositide signaling (PSS) system works by the activation of the phospholipase (PLC)…
Q: What are the pathways for cytokinin synthesis
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Q: What are hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs)?
A: Haemtopoeisis Production of all types of blood cells including formation, development and…
Q: What is diauxic growth? Explain the roles of cAMP and CAP in this process.
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Q: What is the role of ppp1r2 in inhibiting PP1?
A: Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) belongs to the protein serine/threonine phosphatases family of…
Q: How do TLRs recognize PAMPs?
A: Answer: Introduction: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a proteins group which has role in the innate…
Q: All of the following are characteristic of mannose-binding lectin except Select one: a. acts as an…
A: Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a soluble protein that is produced by the liver and circulates in…
Q: How do Membrane receptors important in humoral signalling.
A: Humoral immunity is mediated by macromolecules like antibodies in the extracellular fluid.…
Q: Why is the signaling pathway that activates NF-κB considered to be relatively irreversible compared…
A: The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, which contains three serine-threonine kinases,…
Q: What do rubor, calor, tumor, and dolor mean? What is the cause of each in the inflammatory process?
A: Rubor, calor, tumor, and dolor occurs when inflammation occurs in the body. Inflammation refers to…
Q: Patients carrying specific mutations in the gene encoding the TLR4 protein are susceptible to…
A: Due to mistakes when the DNA is copied or result of environmental factors such as UV light and…
Q: What is fadh2?
A: The coenzymes are organic, non-protein molecules that are necessary for the functioning of the…
Q: Name three proteins that are subject to the control mechanism of zymogen activation.
A: The metabolic reactions of a cell require the tertiary proteins called enzymes which increases the…
Q: The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis, thecausative agent of the plague, is extremely…
A: Acetylation or phosphorylation are the modifications in the proteins by changing its structure,…
Q: Even though GRB2 lacks intrinsic enzyme activity, it is an essential component of the epidermal…
A: Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a family of ubiquitous proline-directed,…
Q: List the types of exudate produced in inflammation.
A: Introduction :- Exudate is fluid that seeps into adjacent tissues from blood arteries. Cells,…
Q: Mutations in which of the following would MOST DIRECTLY affect the cAMP signaling pathway?…
A: Introduction :- Cell signalling is the process through which extracellular signals from the outside…
Q: How does a cytotoxic T cell (or NKcell) avoid being killed by the perforinand granzymes that it…
A: A kind of immune cell which has the ability to kill specific cells, such as foreign cells, cancer…
Q: What are the properties provide that chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is differentiated from other…
A: CMA is selection of soluble cytosolic proteins which are chaperone dependent and that then target…
Q: During inflammaion, host tissue may be damaged owing to the release of toxic oxygen derivatives…
A: Phagocytosis is a process in which a cell binds to the item it to engulf an item inward while…
Q: What the difference between Ca binds to troponin and Troponin?
A: Troponins are a group of proteins found in skeletal and heart (cardiac) muscle fibers that regulate…
Q: During the chemotaxis phase of the inflammatory response,a. C-reactive protein is secreted by…
A: Inflammation refers to the immune response of the body to stimuli such as pathogen, toxic compounds,…
Q: ALT is not used as a hepatocellular damage marker in cattle, Explain why.
A: Blood biochemical profiles are being extensively used in veterinary medicine not only for individual…
Q: What is the relationship and differences between receptor-mediated endocytosis and TLR in relation…
A: The first-line of defense mechanism is known as innate immunity, and the immune cell-mediated…
Q: How does antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
A: It is a cell-mediated innate immune response. This response is especially targeted for those…
Q: Why is it necessary for immature T lymphocytes toundergo a two-step selection process through…
A: Immune system provides immunity or protection against foreign substances by involving specific…
Q: What is the difference between Prima-1 and nutlins in the way they would fight cancer?
A: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread…
Q: What cells release histamine during allergic responses?
A: Hypersensitivity refers to immune response, induced by repeated antigen exposure, that results in…
Q: Describe the signal transduction pathway that is activated when LPS binds to TLR-4.
A: Single Transduction pathway which is activated when LPS binds to TLR-4: LPS are the…
Q: What is the defensemechanism that begins towork when inflammation failsto stop an infection?
A: The initial non-specific response of the defense system was produced against infectious parasites,…
Why are the mannose-binding lectin and alternative pathways
considered part of the innate immune system?
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- Even though GRB2 lacks intrinsic enzyme activity, it is an essential component of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling pathway that activates MAP kinase. What is the function of GRB2?What is the role of prostaglandins in the inflammatoryresponse?The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis, thecausative agent of the plague, is extremely virulent. Uponinfection, Y. pestis injects a set of effector proteins intomacrophages that suppresses their phagocytic behaviorand also interferes with their innate immune responses.One of the effector proteins, YopJ, acetylates serines andthreonines on various MAP kinases, including the MAPkinase kinase kinase TAK1, which controls a key signalingstep in the innate immune response pathway. To deter-mine how YopJ interferes with TAK1, you transfect humancells with active YopJ (YopJWT) or inactive YopJ (YopJCA)and with FLAG-tagged active TAK1 (TAK1WT) or inactiveTAK1 (TAK1K63W), and assay for total TAK1 and for phos-phorylated TAK1, using antibodies against the FLAG tag oragainst phosphorylated TAK1 (Figure Q23–1). How doesYopJ block the TAK1 signaling pathway? How do you sup-pose the serine/threonine acetylase activity of YopJ mightinterfere with TAK1 activation?
- Toll-like receptors represent an ancient pathogen-recognition system. The first pattern recognition receptor (PRR) important in innate immune responses was discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Stimulation of this receptor, called Toll, induces: The synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes The inflammatory response in Drosophila hemolymph vessels The production of antimicrobial peptides The recruitment of phagocytic cells to the site of infection The activation of Drosophila complementThe alternative pathway is an amplification loop for C3b formation that is accelerated by properdin in the presence of pathogens. The alternative pathway of complement activation has an important role in innate immunity, due to its ability to greatly amplify the amount of C3b deposited onto the pathogen surface. This amplification occurs because: The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway is much more active than those of the classical and lectin pathways. The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway works as a soluble enzyme in the plasma. The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway cannot be inactivated by complement regulatory factors in the host. The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway is more efficiently recruited to pathogen surfaces than the C3 convertases of the classical and lectin pathways. The C3 convertase of the alternative pathway contains C3b, and can generate more of itself.Nearly all immune deficiency diseases that result in impaired TH17 and ILC3 function lead to chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), usually accompanied by increased susceptibility to pyogenic bacterial infections. However, a subset of these patients also show increased susceptibility to intracellular bacterial infections, such as those caused by Mycobacteria species. What is the explanation for why some, but not all, of these patients have increased susceptibility to intracellular bacteria and which patients fall into this category?
- What is the relationship and differences between receptor-mediated endocytosis and TLR in relation to innate immunity?Why is the signaling pathway that activates NF-κB considered to be relatively irreversible compared with cytokine or RTK signaling pathways?The small fragments of some complement proteins initiate a local inflammatory response. Recent studies using mouse models of pulmonary inflammation (a model for human asthma) have found that mice deficient in the C3a receptor have greatly reduced disease symptoms when challenged with inhaled preparations containing extracts of the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Specifically, the C3a receptor-deficient mice showed reduced influx of granulocytes and lymphocytes into the lung and reduced fluid in the lung after challenge. What is the explanation for these findings?
- During inflammaion, host tissue may be damaged owing to the release of toxic oxygen derivatives produced by activated phagocytes. List some of hese toxic species and explain what cellular/biochemical mechanisms limit these damaging off-target effects.What do rubor, calor, tumor, and dolor mean? What is the cause of each in the inflammatory process?What's the difference betwwen complementary interaction and suppression epistasis? Explain in details.