Which of the following statements is true about the control of muscle glycogen phosphorylase? a) It is activated by phosphorylation by an active phosphorylase kinase b) It is allosterically activated by ATP c) It is allosterically activated by CAMP d) Normally it exists in active form
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- What is the role of calcium in muscle contractions? Multiple Choice a) To spread the action potential through the T-tubules b) To bind with troponin, changing its shape so that binding sites on the actin filament are exposed c) To transmit the action potential across the neuromuscular junction d) To re-establish the polarization of the plasma's membrane following an action potential e) To break the cross-bridges as a cofactor in the hydrolysis of ATPWhich of these is the proper sequence of these events of muscle contraction 1) Action potential propagating down into the T-tubule 2) Power stroke 3) Ca+2 is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum 4) The tropomyosin shifts out of the way thereby exposing the active sites of the actin Question 7 options: a) 1 à 3 à 4 à 2 b) 4 à 3 à 2 à 1 c) 1 à 4 à 2 à 3 d) 3 à 1 à 4 à 2Skeletal muscle cells undergo contractions based on a molecular mechanism involving: 1)the sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other without any change in filament length 2) the shortening of actin filaments following direct interaction with myosin 3) dynamic instability of microtubules 4)none
- The acetylcholine receptor is a ligand-gated channel that produces Multiple Choice a) repolarization by activating second messenger systems within the muscle fiber. b) hyperpolarization by allowing Na+ ions to exit the muscle fiber. c) depolarization by allowing Cl- ions to enter the muscle fiber. d) depolarization by allowing K+ ions to leave the muscle fiber. e) depolarization by allowing Na+ ions to enter the muscle fiber.As mentioned in class, one additional major use of ATP in skeletal muscle (besides powering the myosin heads) is the recycling of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum after depolarization. The resting concentration of Ca++ in the muscle cell cytoplasm is about 50-100 nM, and the spike concentration after depolarization is about 10-20 μΜ. a) Consider a single sarcomere. What is the number of free calcium ions within the sarcomere at rest? What is the number of free calcium ions after depolarization? b) The major ion pump responsible for calcium ion recycling is SERCA (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase). SERCA uses one molecule of ATP to pump two calcium ions, and the resting level can be restored in about 10-20 ms. How many molecules of ATP are used in a single sarcomere for pumping calcium in a single "twitch"? c) Assume that a single "twitch" is sufficient to drive one sarcomere from its fully extended length (about 2.5 µm) to its fully contracted length (about 1…How is muscle contraction stopped? Which of the following is/are correct? A) The brain stops sending the nerve impulse that commands the muscle to contract, interrupting communication at the neuromuscular junction B) Acetylcholineesterase (AChE) is released into the synaptic cleft to destroy any remaining Acetylcholine C) No mechanism is necessary. When the antagonist begins to contract, it forces relaxation and stretch of the agonist muscle. D) Relaxation occurs as the myosin heads are "snapped" off of the thick filaments. This interrupts the crossbridge and allows for muscles to stretch E) Relaxation only occurs if the brain sends a "stop" signal to the muscle
- Put these events that occur in skeletal muscle in the correct chronological sequence: 1. Activation of voltage-gated dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor in the T-tubule 2. Opening of mechanically-gated ryanodine receptors (RyR) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum 3. Na+ influx through ligand-gated ion channels on the motor end plate 4. Ca2+ binding to troponin 2, 1, 4, 3 4, 3, 2, 1 4, 3, 1, 2 3, 1, 4, 2 3, 1, 2, 4Botox has become popular for reducing wrinkles. It is a dilute solution of a toxin which inhibits muscle contraction by working at the presynaptic portion of the NMJ. Which of the following could be a possible mechanism for Botox wrinkle-reducing action? a.) Increase Calcium influx b.) Cleave (degrade) syntaxin c.) Increase sensitivity of synaptotagmin to Ca d.) Decrease synthesis of nSec1Discuss the similarities and differences by which Ca2+ activity is involved in initiating muscle contraction in skeletal versus smooth muscle fibers (hint: include Ca2+ sources, proteins it binds to, and signaling cascade it activates leading to contraction).
- Put these events that occur in skeletal muscle in the correct chronological sequence: 1. Opening of mechanically-gated ryanodine receptors (RyR) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum 2. Ca²+ binding to troponin to initiate contraction 3. Activation of voltage-gated dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor in the T-tubule 4. Na+ influx through ligand-gated ion channels on the motor end plate 4, 3, 2, 1 2, 1, 4, 3 3, 1, 2, 4 4, 3, 1, 2 3, 1, 4, 2In skeletal muscle contraction, calcium ions apparently act to: Question 8 options: a) block the channels of the voltage gated sodium channels b) move the tropomyosin so it’s no longer blocking the active sites of the actin c) release the inhibition on Z discs d) cause ATP binding to actinIn muscle cells, magnesium ions compete with calcium ions for binding sites on troponin molecules. If a person has too high a concentration of magnesium ions in the blood, magnesium ions can prevent calcium ions from binding troponin. A) What effect would this have on muscle contraction (strengthen, weaken, or no effect)? B) Use your knowledge of how muscle fibers contract to explain your answer in part A.