Which of the following statements is correct when a cockroach makes the decision to begin walking? a.  The subesophagael ganglion disinhibits specific regions in the frontal ganglion of the stomatogastric nervous system, which allows the frontal ganglion to excite the GPGs for flexing and extending the legs in the caudal ganglion. b.  The protocerebrum disinhibits specific regions of the subesophageal gangion, which in turn excite the command interneurons that activate the Flexor Burst Generators and inhibit the Extenor Motor Neurons in the thoracic ganglion that control each leg. c.  The subesophageal ganglion disinhibits the Central Body in the protocerbrum of the centeral nervous system, which excites the CPGs for the legs contained within the abdominal ganglion. d.  The pars intercerebralis of the protocerebrum releases EDNH, which excites the GPGs for the legs contained within the thoracic ganglia.

While visiting his aunt that lives on a horse farm, Milo fell and injured his knee. His aunt cleaned the wound and covered the area with bandage. A week later, Milo was taken to the hospital because he could not open his jaws or swallow food. The doctor explained that a bacteria called tetanus bacillus that lives in animals’ intestines had entered the wound on Milo’s knee. The bacterium produced a strong toxin that stimulated Milo’s motor nerves innervating his jaws causing severe spasm of the muscles. Help Milo understand his condition by completing the following tasks:       Follow the path of the toxin from the motor neurons to the jaw muscles and muscles for swallowing by identifying and describing the structures listed below. 1. Myelin     2. Neuroglial cells (Schwann cells and Oligodendrocytes)     3. Node of Ranvier     4. Trigeminal (cranial nerve V) and Pons region of the brain stem     5. Glossopharyngeal (cranial nerve IX) and medulla oblongata region of the brain stem…

Explain the role of stretch receptors

Which of the following are correct? Which one or more? a.   Auditory fatigue is the increase in threshold after exposure to a loud sound.  Auditory adaptation is a reduction in response of the auditory receptors to a sound over time followed by a steady state.   b.   The change in auditory thresholds is independent of the intensity, but dependent on the duration of the loud sound.  c.   Exposure to loud sounds is unable to damage the hair cells in the inner ear and therefore  cannot lead to a permanent threshold shift. d.   Auditory adaptation is the increase in threshold after exposure to a loud sound.  Auditory fatigue is a reduction in response of the auditory receptors to a sound over time followed by a steady state.