Human cells are highly resistant to transformation. Experiments have shown that 5 regulatory circuits (pathways) have to be altered before human cells can grow as tumor cells in immunocompromised mice. State each of these circuits. Explain how the alteration of the protein of that particular circuit leads to uncontrolled growth. the mitogenic signaling pathway controlled by Ras.the cell cycle checkpoint controlled by pRb.the alarm pathway controlled by p53.the telomere maintenance pathway controlled by hTERT.the signaling pathways are controlled by protein phosphatase 2A, which modulates the activity of the mTOR, Myc, β-catenin, and PKB/ Akt signaling proteins.

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Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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Human cells are highly resistant to transformation. Experiments have shown that 5 regulatory circuits (pathways) have to be altered before human cells can grow as tumor cells in immunocompromised mice.

State each of these circuits. Explain how the alteration of the protein of that particular circuit leads to uncontrolled growth.

the mitogenic signaling pathway controlled by Ras.
the cell cycle checkpoint controlled by pRb.
the alarm pathway controlled by p53.
the telomere maintenance pathway controlled by hTERT.
the signaling pathways are controlled by protein phosphatase 2A, which modulates the activity of the mTOR, Myc, β-catenin, and PKB/ Akt signaling proteins.

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