Which of the following is true of graded potentials? a. They always reach the same voltage o b. They frequently occur in cardiac muscle cells O c. They can be either depolarizations or hyperpolarizations d. They never exceed the threshold O e. Both c and d

factors responsible for a negative resting membrane potential include: check all that apply:   a. Na K pump  b. different carrier proteins  c. uneven distribution of ions  d. difference in permeability of ions  e. high potassium concentration in ECF

A hyperpolarized cell can be generated when:   Group of answer choices A. ligand-gated ionotropic channels for Cl- open B. voltage-gated Cl- channels in the postsynaptic membrane open C. Na + flows into the cell down its concentration gradient D. an action potential is generated in the postsynaptic membrane.

Dr. Brainy creates a nerve cell that is only permeable to Caesium ions (Cs+1) at rest. She measures that the concentration of Caesium is 400mM outside the cell and only 50 mM inside the cell. She calculates the Equilibrium potential for Cs+1 (Ecs) to be +35 mV. If the cell is only permeable to Cs, the resting membrane potential will be: +58 mV 0 mV +35 mV -58 mV

Nicotinic ACh receptor (LGIC) involve the movement of what ion across the membrane? Group of answer choices A.Na+ B.K+ C.Ca++ D.Cl- E.Mg++

The morphological difference between bipolar neurons and unipolar neurons is_ and that determines how they are classified. a. the type of neurotransmitter they contain b. one is a Golgi Type I and the other is a Golgi Type II c. the number of axons that they have d. the number of different types of neurotransmitters they contain e. none of the above

19. The resting potential is restored by A. Stimulation B. Sodium potassium pump C. Passive transport D. Osmosis

Which of the following neuronal changes is associated with short term synaptic strength? O a. Changes in the size of neural spines o b. Changes in the shape of neural spines с. Increased production of neurotransmitter vesicles in the presynaptic cell o d. Increased buildup of Ca²+ in the terminal knob of the presynaptic axon О е. Increased expression of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors

A. There is a lower resistance in the lower panel at the point where voltage is measured. B. There is a greater capacitance in the lower panel at the point where voltage is measured. C. The membrane voltage measured in the lower panel is farther away from the current pulse.

Epilepsy is a condition which results in seizures stemming from excessive or abnormal activity of neurons. This can occur either from hyperexcitability of excitatory neurons, or impairment of inhibitory neurons. That is to say, either the excitatory pathways become overactive, or the inhibitory pathways, designed to temper the excitatory pathways, are not active enough. Much of the research done on epilepsy focuses on voltage-gated sodium channels, and to date over 700 different mutations to the channel have been identified as playing a role in epilepsy. The means by which these mutations contribute to epilepsy is quite complex, but for the sake of this CAL, let's simplify and apply what we have learned so far to identify potential mechanisms for this condition. In what way could voltage-gated sodium channels be affected in excitatory neurons which would increase the likelihood of the neuron firing an action potential? (one correct answer) The inactivation gate is slower to close. The…