Which of the following IS NOT a form of cell-to-cell communication? Release of a steroid hormone by an endocrine gland. Neurotransmitter release across the synaptic gap between two neurons. O Harvesting of light energy by mesophyll cell chloroplasts in a leaf. O Interaction between an antigen presenting cell and a helper T-cell. Binding of a growth factor to a receptor on the surface of a cell.

When glucose levels in the cell are low     cAMP will be present at low levels     cAMP will be present at high levels     CRP protein will not be bound to it's site on the DNA     none of the above

The t-SNARE proteins are anchored to what component of the axon terminal region? The neurotransmitter-filled vesicles The extrasynaptic region The active zone The voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels

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Chemical signals     Both autocrine and paracrine signaling molecules are carried by the blood to a distant target.   Hormones (such as insulin & glucagon) are released directly into extracellular fluid and then enter the circulatory system, which carries them to a distant target.   Neurohormones are paracrine signaling molecules that travel exclusively in interstitial fluid to reach their target.

Some cancer cells release their own grown hormone rather than relying on growth hor- mones from elsewhere in the host organism. Which of the following describes the type of cell communication used by these cancer cells to promote their continued division? A juxtacrine signaling B с D endocrine signaling paracrine signaling autocrine signaling

Which of these can limit a cell’s response to a hormone?a. phosphodiesteraseb. converting GTP to GDPc. decreasing the number of receptorsd. blocking binding sitese. All of these are correct.

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which a cell can send a signal to another cell? O Sending the signal directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of another through junctions O Attaching two cells together with cell-surface proteins O Releasing the signal into the extracellular fluid/intracellular space O Releasing the signal into the blood O All of the above are mechanisms by which a cell can send a signal to another cell

Scaffolding proteins can hold together can permanently hold together signalling pathways.   Question 20 options:   True   False

What are three types of signaling processes based on their transduction distance? Give an example for each type. What are the signaling molecules in the plant? Please describe each of them briefly.