Biochemistry
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781319114671
Author: Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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When DNA is heated, it denatures; that is, the strands separate because hydrogen bonds are
broken and some base-stacking and hydrophobic interactions are disrupted. The higher the
temperature, the larger the number of hydrogen bonds that are broken. After reviewing DNA
base pair structure, determine which of the following molecules will denature first as the
temperature is raised. Explain your reasoning.
a. 5′-GCATTTCGGCGCGTTA-3′
3′-CGTAAAGCCGCGCAAT-5′
b. 5′-ATTGCGCTTATATGCT-3′
3′-TAACGCGAATATACGA-5′
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- . Which of the following equations is a prediction based on Chargaff’s rules for the content of DNA? adenine + thymine = guanine + cytosine thymine + adenine = cytosine + guanine guanine + cytosine = adenine + thymine cytosine + guanine = thymine + adenine adenine + cytosine = thymine + guaninearrow_forwardAgarose gels with different average pore sizes areneeded to separate DNA molecules of different sizeclasses. For example, optimal separation of 1100 bpand 1200 bp fragments would require a gel with alarger average pore size than optimal separation of8500 bp and 8600 bp fragments. How do you thinkthat scientists prepare gels of different average poresizes? (Hint: Agarose gels are made in a mannersimilar to gelatin desserts such as JELL-O.)arrow_forwardHydrolysis of the N-glycosyl bond between deoxyribose and a purine base in DNA creates an apurinic (AP) site. An AP site is more thermodynamically destabilizing to a DNA molecule than is a mismatched base pair. Examine the structure of an AP site. H₂N HN N O™ -O-P-O-CH₂ Guanine H₂N N HN Select the chemical consequences that could contribute to DNA instability at AP sites. H H 1₂0/ H fewer hydrogen bonds between the unpaired pyrimidine base and water disruption of the base-stacking interactions decreased interaction between the mutated DNA strand and histones increased ability of the deoxyribose ring to open without the attachment of the purine base H H Guanosine residue (in DNA) O™ -O-P-O-CH₂ O H H H O Apurinic residue H OH Harrow_forward
- If you analyze a double-stranded DNA molecule and find that 15% of all the nucleotide bases are Adenines, you know that there must also be [ Select ] Thymines, [ Select ] Guanines, [ Select ] v Cytosines and [ Select ] Uracils. (Count each of the bases in any double stranded DNA molecule and calculate their percentages to find the simple key for this if you haven't seen it yet.)arrow_forwardThe figure shows that the average distance between base pairs measured parallel to the axis of a DNA molecule is 3.4 Å. The average molar mass of a pair of nucleotides is 650 g•mol-1. Estimate the length in cm of a DNA molecule of molar mass 5.1x109 g•mol-1. 4.0 cm Roughly how many base pairs are contained in this molecule? 4.0 7.1e6 X base pairs AT CG OH O-P=D0 G C TA Adenine Thymine OH CH2 N-H.......O CH3 H -N N..... G C H A Он C G G C TA AT OH CH2 Cytosine Guanine H. O.......H-N H H' H N…**H-N HLH O N-H..... H2C OH TA OH CH2 (b) The most common structure of DNA, which is a right-handed double helix. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds and other intermolecular forces. (a) Base-pair formation between adenine (A) and thymine (T) and between cytosine (C) and guanine (G).arrow_forwardDNA structure depends on base pairing of its four nucleotides, A, C, T, and G. Nucleotide A pairs with T, and nucleotide C pairs with G. This forms a four-letter DNA “alphabet." Because DNA codes for amino acids in sets of three nucleotides, there are 4 cubed (4'), or 64, possible combinations, coding for 20 different amino acids. What is the best explanation for why there is no selective advantage for DNA to have five nucleotides (e.g., A, C, T, G, and E) with C pairing with either G or functionally equivalent E? It would be impossible to form the DNA molecule, because it must have an equal number of Cs and Gs. Because G and E have the same role, there would still be four functional letters of the alphabet. Replication would be inaccurate because sometimes C would bond with G and sometimes C would bond with E. There would be a five-letter alphabet with 125 combinations, which is too numerous. It is impossible because there are not five known nucleotides in the cell.arrow_forward
- If a DNA double helix contains 28% T nucleotides, then what is the percentage of A nucleotides?arrow_forwardThe following is diagram of a generalized tetranucleotide. Carbons exist at corners on the shapes and phosphate groups are filled circles. A. Is this a DNA or an RNA Molecule? B. Where is the 3’ end of this tetranucleotide? C. Given that the DNA strand which served as a template for the synthesis of this tetranucleotide was composed of the bases 5’-ACAG-3’, where are the expected bases?arrow_forwardThe Tm of a DNA strand can be calculated by hand using the formula: (2 ℃)(?????? ?? ? + ?) + (4 ℃)(?????? ?? ? + ?) = ??℃ Using this formular, calculate the Tm for the following DNA sequence: [CTTTCACAGCCACTATCCAGCGGTAC] Note: This formula has several limitations and is not useful for sequences longer than 14 bp. Use the Internet search to find an online Tm calculator. Use this calculator to find the Tm of the above sequence. Using information from your search, identify three factors that can affect the Tm.arrow_forward
- Assume that the molar percentage of thymine in a double stranded DNA is 20. What are the percentages of the four bases (G, C, T, A)? b. The base content of a sample of DNA is as follows: A=31% G=31% T=19% C=19%. What conclusion can be drawn from this information?arrow_forwardIt is known that double stranded DNA is denatured at low pH. pKa values should allow the determination of whether this is due to perturbation of the hydrogen bonding in A-T and/or G-C base pairs. The table gives values for the pKas of different protonated groups in the nucleobases.Nucleobase Position & pKa A N1, 3.5 G N7, 1.6; N1, 9.2 C N3, 4.2 T N3, 9.7a) Draw the A-T and G-C base pairs. - Label the bases with the one-letter code. – - Number the atoms in the rings and label the atom that attaches to the sugar. - Mark the groups that interact in normal…arrow_forwardThe figure shows that the average distance between base pairs measured parallel to the axis of a DNA molecule is 3.4 Å. The average molar mass of a pair of nucleotides is 650 g•mol-1. Estimate the length in cm of a DNA molecule of molar mass 5.1x109 4.0 .26 g•mol-1. cm Roughly how many base pairs are contained in this molecule? [4.0 784615 x base pairs CG G C OH TA Thymine Adenine H. H. OH CH2 N-H.......O CH3 H H N……·H–N HLH TA OH 0-P H2C CG G C H. CH2 Guanine H OH Cytosine ... H-N TA AT H' N.....H-N HLH N-H.......O H2C OH H -o. -P3D0 TA 0- OH H. -CH2 (b) The most common structure of DNA, which is a right-handed double helix. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds (a) Base-pair formation between adenine (A) and thymine (T) and between cytosine (C) and guanine (G). and other intermolecular forces.arrow_forward
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