When conducting research involving human participants and it will include a survey on fear of COVID-19. Is it need to apply for approval of IRB before the conduct of the study? why?

Due to the lack of any antiviral for a newly emergent virus, blood harvested from individuals who were infected by the virus and subsequently fully recovered without hospitalization is in a clinical trial to treat individuals who are very sick by the virus. The donors have been carefully screened to eliminate their possibility as carriers (in their blood) of any virus. Which of the followings is the best strategy for this clinical trial:     generating sera from the donors' blood and injected them i.v. to the recipients whose blood types are matched to those of the donors     matching blood type of the donors and recipients before blood transfusion     generating sera from the donors' blood and injected them intravenously (i.v.) to the recipients without worrying about the matching of their blood types     there are more than 1 correct answers in the other choices

The drugs you evaluated in your disc susceptibility tests have different potencies (see table C1; disc content). Which ONE of the following options, based on the laboratory data alone, is the most approapriate in the treatment of a patient with a UTI ? Select one: A. All the above drugs (A, B, C and D) could be considered B. Trimethoprim (zone size 30 mm)   C. Ampicillin (zone size 25 mm) D. Amoxicillin (zone size 15 mm) E. Cephalexin (zone size 25 mm)

In response to Covid-19, which may violate individual privacy, countries have implemented measurement and management procedures. In the event of future crises, how should nations balance the needs of public health and individual privacy?