This article highlights a young doctor at Elmhurst Hospital during the beginning of Covid-19 pandemic. Dr. Zikry is quoted as saying: “It’s become very clear to me what a socioeconomic disease this is...”. In addition, the textbook discusses the personal variables and socioeconomic status (SES) that are used to find patterns in disease (pp.112-118).   What do you think Dr. Zikry meant by referring to the SES of his patients? Why was it important to find a pattern of personal variables and SES among the of victims of Covid-19 at the beginning of the pandemic?

The epidemiological or disease triangle is a model of disease causation that proposes three factors contribute to an outbreak - an agent that causes the disease, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together. Some general changes within these three factors that may cause an infectious disease to emerge include: A. changes in populations or behavior of reservoir hosts or intermediate hosts B. microbial genetic mutation and viral genetic recombination or assortment C. environmental factors such as an increase in precipitation D. all of the above E. none of the above

"Although the reported number of cases varies, arboviruses cause substantial morbidity in the United States each year. Cases occur sporadically, with epidemiology varying by virus and geography. Weather, zoonotic host, vector abundance, and human behavior all influence when and where arboviral outbreaks occur, making it difficult to predict locations and timing of cases and underscoring the importance of surveillance in identifying outbreaks and informing prevention efforts." Which of the following means the same as "Cases occur sporadically"? O Cases are caused by fungal spores. O Because of vector transmission, there is a steady rate of arboviral cases each year O Outbreaks occur unpredictably QUESTION 8 "Although the reported number of cases varies, arboviruses cause substantial morbidity in the United States each year. Cases occur sporadically, with epidemiology varying by virus and geography. Weather, zoonotic host, vector abundance, and human behavior all influence when and where…

In 2013, there was an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA) at an NFL training facility. One player suffereda career-ending infection to his foot and sued the team owners for $20 million for unsanitary conditions that contributed to the bacterialinfection. A settlement with undisclosed terms was reached in2017. MRSA is highly contagious and is spread by direct skin contactor by airborne transmission and can result in amputation or death.In addition, MRSA is very difficult to treat because it is resistant tomany antibiotics. For example, b -lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin,function by binding to and inactivating bacterial penicillin-bindingproteins (PBPs), which synthesize the bacterial cell wall. However,MRSA expresses an alternative type of PBP, called PBP2a encodedby the mecA gene. b -lactam antibiotics only weakly bind PBP2a,and thus cell wall synthesis can continue in their presence. Moreover,in a system somewhat analogous to the regulation of the…

can you explain why Bacillus anthracis can be pathogenic in a mouse and not be fought off by the immune system? I need help finding the answer in the article and explain in short answer  link to article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC106848/

Epidemiologists at the CDC in Atlanta, GA, have called you in to investigate an increased incidence of leukemia in a remote region of Africa. Shortly after you arrive, an RNA virus was isolated from patients and found to induce leukemia in mice. At this point, you don't know the viral gene product or the mechanism that causes development of leukemia. One of your lab assistants has isolated a variant of the virus that is missing 20% of the genome of the original virus and does not induce leukemia in mice. a) How would you determine which portion of the genome is associated with the development of leukemia? b) How would you determine the viral product or mechanism associated with the development of leukemia?

Most hospitals use hand sanitizers that claim to “kill 99.99% of illness causing germs”. What are some possible reasons that 0.01% of germs (germs = microorganisms and viruses) not affected by hand sanitizer? (In your answer, you should state what hand sanitizer is made of, and the mechanism by which it kills “germs”.

A screening test for a disease is being evaluated against the current screening test (e.g., the gold standard test). The new test was administered to 3000 participants. Of those, 600 who had been previously diagnosed using the gold standard test were positive on the new screening test, and 200 who had been previously diagnosed using the gold standard test were negative on the new screening test. Also, 300 participants who were negative on the gold standard screening test were positive on the new test.  What is the positive predictive value of the new screening test, using the gold standard test as evidence of disease? A screening test for a disease is being evaluated against the current screening test (e.g., the gold standard test). The new test was administered to 3000 participants. Of those, 600 who had been previously diagnosed using the gold standard test were positive on the new screening test, and 200 who had been previously diagnosed using the gold standard test were…

What actions described in the video do you think are similar to the COVID-19 threat today and why? What efforts by the government or other officials actually made the 1918 pandemic worse? Are any of these same actions occurring today? What is most shocking to you about the events described in the video about the 1918 pandemic? Are any of those shocking events now occurring in a similar way in response to COVID-19?

A. What is Pasteur’s “Germ Theory of Disease?. How did he discover this principle?  B. What major obstacle did he have to overcome (A philosophical concept) to establish the validity of the theory.