What would be the effect of increased (or decreased) concentration of extracellular Ca2+ on the function of the presynaptic cell? How would you assess this effect experimentally?

Q: In the central nervous system there may be many synaptic inputs on a postsynaptic neurons.  How does…

A: A single axon will have multiple branches, permitting it to create synapses on varied postsynaptic…

Q: Read the following statements (a) The resting nerve membrane is freely permeable to Na*, K* ions and…

A: B and C

Q: What is Activation of the Postsynaptic Cell?

A: The postsynaptic cell is referred to as the cell that receives the electrical impulses or chemical…

Q: An undisclosed drug (Drug A) is a drug that can block voltage-gated K+ channels when being…

A: Snake venoms that are neurotoxic mainly impact the neuromuscular junction, disrupting…

Q: Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Because too much glutamate can…

A: Introduction : Glutamate is a substance used by nerve cells to communicate with other cells. It is…

Q: Imagine that scientists have just discovered a weird new marine tunicate at extreme depths of the…

A: A pacemaker is a medical device that uses electrical impulses to regulate and control the rhythm of…

Q: 1.1 What would be the effect of blocking neurotransmitter degradation on neurotransmitter…

A: Neurotransmitter Degradation -- Deactivation of enzymatic degradation ,changes the structure of the…

Q: In many organisms, the central nervous system relies on specialized cells called neurons to…

A: Membrane transport is a mechanism in which molecules/ substances are transported across the membrane…

Q: a. What is the function of cholinesterase in the synapse?  b. How does a cholinesterase inhibitor…

A: The transmission of impulses from any part of the body to the brain is mediated by the nervous…

Q: serotonin,y-aminobutyric acid, and dopamine are derived from different amino acids by just one or a…

A: Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that allow neurons (nerve cells) in the brain and other…

Q: In the discussion section the authors wrote “Safaiyan et al. have suggested microglia lipofuscin was…

A: Microglia are a type of immune cells found in the central nervous system (CNS). They are the…

Q: Glia—are they more than glue? The recent spotlight on glial cell function has revealed numerous ways…

A: Glia is also called as neuroglia, non-neuronal cells or glial cells which are present in the central…

Q: Which one of the following is not a criterion for small neurotransmitter (NT) status? a)…

A: All answers are accepted because  The Neurotransmitter is a chemical that can the  achieves of a…

Q: Sodium, chloride, and potassium ions are involved in setting up voltages across neuronal membranes.…

A: The voltage difference between an intracellular space and the extracellular space is known as a…

Q: cetylcholine binds to a GPCR on heart muscle, making the heart beat more slowly. The activated…

A: Acetylcholine slows the heart rate by activating the M2 muscarinic receptor. It opens the…

Q: Define the term alpha–gamma coactivation? What is its role?

A: In physiology, Alpha-gamma coactivation is the process in which muscle maintains the length during…

Q: Why does neuronal function require the voltage-gated K+ channels to open more slowly than the…

A: Voltage-gated channels are specialized proteins that are essential for the generation and…

Q: exocytosis of GABA.  A. What anatomical part of a pre-synaptic neuron would be affected by this?…

A: Tetanus toxin is an extremely potent neurotoxin produced by the vegetative cell of Clostridium…

Q: gradient is responsible for both the resting membrane potential and the action potential in the…

A: resting  neuron has a certai. voltage across its membrane called the resting membrane potential.

Q: What do you think is the muscarinic receptor subtype that has a greater role in generating…

A: Muscarinic receptors influence various physiological processes depending on their subtype and…

Q: Which one of these is an example of an excitatory postynaptic potential in a typical neuron? a) A…

A: Introduction EPSPs Are Connected With A Transmitter-induced Increase In The Synaptic Membrane's Na+…

Q: Myasthenia gravis is a disease that leads to a marked decrease in the number of acetylcholine (Ach)…

A: Given:- Each quantum of Ach opens only 200 Ach receptor-channels instead of the normal 2000.- Each…

Q: Which types of patch clamp technique should be used if you want to determine if a particular…

A: The Patch-clamp method is an electrophysiological laboratory technique for examining currents and…

Q: mbrane receptor kinases are activated by: a. steroid hormones

A: Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs can be defined as the the high-affinity cell surface receptors…

Q: The one-way propagation of action potentials away from the original site of activation is ensured by…

A: Introduction: A sudden rise and thereafter a subsequent reduction in the membrane potential or…

Q: f a patient was experiencing difficulty controlling their movement and displaying motor tremors and…

A: The nervous system can be described as an organ system associated with the flow of information from…

Q: Besides the standard post- and pre-synapse that exchange information, non neuronal cell types also…

A: Astrocytes are cells having distinct morphological and functional characteristics present within…

Q: Batrachotoxin (BTX) is a steroidal alkaloid from the skin of Phyllobates terribilis , a poisonous…

A: The membrane exhibits different ion channels, which open and closed based on the signaling process.

Q: If the equilibrium potential for K+ is -90mV, and the charge inside the cell is -70mV, which…

A: Membrane potential is the difference in internal and external electric potential of a cell. This…

Q: An experimental cell line expresses K+ inward rectifier channels, Na+ leak channels, K+ channels…

A: The α-1 adrenergic receptor is a type of receptor that is responsible for mediating the effects of…

Q: What is the mechanism by which voltage-gated channels open in response to voltage changes? Choose…

A: Voltage-gated ion channels are found buried in the plasma membrane of the cells. These gated ion…

Q: Na+] outside = .3 mM [Na+] inside the presynaptic cell = .01 mM [dopamine] inside = .5 mM…

A: Active transport It is defined as the transport of molecules across the cell membrane with the need…

Q: The resting membrane potential in neurons is described as an electrochemical gradient. You have…

A: Resting membrane potential (RMP) is defined ss the potential inside the cell when the cell is in…

Q: Why neurotransmitters are important? Cite at least 3 examples.

A: The chemical substances that majorly function in the nervous system where they are secreted from the…

Q: Parkinson’s disease is a devastating, progressive disorder ofthe central nervous system. Damage to…

A: The response that our body gives to any external stimuli is due to the transfer of impulse from the…

Q: i) After the first stimulus, how does the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) you record from…

A: An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a postsynaptic potential that increases the…

Q: 1) What is responsible for returning the cell to its normal resting membrane potential following the…

A: Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system that carry electrical stimuli throughout the body.…

Q: What is an electrochemical gradient? What is responsible for the generation of the resting membrane…

A: In living things the semipermeable membranes play an important role in creating gradients of…

Q: A loss-of-function mutation in the ion channel responsible for the generation of end-plate…

A: Introduction:- Mutation is defined as the heritable changes in the genetic material of an organism.…

Q: The ion flows across neuronal membranes at rest and duringan action potential do not significantly…

A: When compared Outside a neuronal cell, the concentration of calcium ions varies greatly when…

Q: An experimental cell line expresses K+ inward rectifier channels, Na+ leak channels, K+ channels…

A: Because alpha-1 adrenergic receptors are found in both vascular smooth muscle and cardiac tissue,…

Q: How can the resting membrane potential of a membrane be calculated using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz…

A: The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation (GHK equation) is used to calculate the membrane potential of the…