What mechanism do Tc cells use to identify anddestroy infected cells in the body? How do Th cells differfrom Tc cells, and how do the different subsets of Thcells differ from each other?
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What mechanism do Tc cells use to identify and
destroy infected cells in the body? How do Th cells differ
from Tc cells, and how do the different subsets of Th
cells differ from each other?
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- High numbers of “good” bacteria are foundin the intestine and on the skin. The immune system needs to protect these areasfrom invading microbes, but cannot respond as strongly to the normal microflorawithout causing problems. What are somepossible ways that immune cells coulddistinguish “good” from “bad” bacteria?What are the functions of Tc cellsWhy does vaccination provide long-lasting protectionagainst a disease, while gamma globulin (IgG) providesonly short-term protection?
- What are the cellsresponsible for the productionof antibodies?It would be disastrous if a complement attack werenot confined to the surface of the pathogen that is the tar-get of the attack. Yet, the proteolytic cascade involved inthe attack liberates biologically active molecules at severalsteps: one that diffuses away and one that remains boundto the target surface. How does the complement reactionremain localized when active products leave the surface?What is y-interferon?
- What is Cytotoxic T cells?How do intracellular microorganisms stimulate cytotoxicT cells? What role do helper T cells play in this process?The circulating cytokines that recruit large numbers of phagocytes to the area of inflammation, resulting in pus, are called: O1) pyogens O 2) pyrogens 3) interferons O 4) defensins
- Some primitive organisms, such as invertebrates, have no lymphocytes and thus lack an adaptive immune system, but they have somecomponents of an innate immune system, including phagocytes andcertain protective proteins. What are some general features of innateimmunity that make it very valuable to organisms lacking more specific antibody- and cell-mediated responses? What are some disadvantages to having only an innate immune system?Both antibodies and particular complement proteins, such as c3b, are capable of aiding phagocytes in attaching to bacteria. What term best describes these? O 1) opsonins O 2) haptens O 3) pyogens O 4) perforinswhat is a “cytokine storm”?