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Why does vaccination provide long-lasting protection
against a disease, while gamma globulin (IgG) provides
only short-term protection?
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- High numbers of “good” bacteria are foundin the intestine and on the skin. The immune system needs to protect these areasfrom invading microbes, but cannot respond as strongly to the normal microflorawithout causing problems. What are somepossible ways that immune cells coulddistinguish “good” from “bad” bacteria?What mechanism do Tc cells use to identify anddestroy infected cells in the body? How do Th cells differfrom Tc cells, and how do the different subsets of Thcells differ from each other?Why does vaccination provide long-lasting protection against a disease, while gamma globulin (IgG) provides only short-term protection? Many parents are electing to not vaccinate their children.
- Some primitive organisms, such as invertebrates, have no lymphocytes and thus lack an adaptive immune system, but they have somecomponents of an innate immune system, including phagocytes andcertain protective proteins. What are some general features of innateimmunity that make it very valuable to organisms lacking more specific antibody- and cell-mediated responses? What are some disadvantages to having only an innate immune system?Adjuvants are substances that slow but do not stop the release of anantigen from an injection site into the blood. Suppose injection A isgiven without an adjuvant and injection B of the same amount ofantigen is given with an adjuvant that causes antigen to be releasedover a period of 2–3 weeks. Does injection A or injection B result inthe greater amount of antibody production? Explain.Historically , vaccinations have prevented the spread of certain diseases chicken pox or meningitis. What type of externality takes place with th consumption of such vaccines. Explain with words and a graph.
- Can understanding the evolutionary origin ofHIV help researchers devise better ways to treat AIDS and controlits spread? More generally, how can evolutionary thinkinghelp advance medical research?Is vaccination for everyone?Why is it necessary for immature T lymphocytes toundergo a two-step selection process through whichantigen-reactive cells are first selected followed bythe elimination of cells that react strongly withself-antigens?
- Some vaccination procedures require a booster shot, another doseof the original vaccine given sometime after the original dose wasadministered. Why are booster shots administered?It is said that a vaccine does not prevent infection; rather, it primes theimmune system to undergo an immediate response to prevent aninfection from spreading. Explain what is meant by this statement, and outline what is happening at the cellular/molecular level from the timeof vaccination until subsequent contact with the infectious agentactually occurs.For some time there has been evidence that the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine provides protection not only against the target disease (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), but also enhances responses to other infections (such as Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans). Do you think the enhanced response to other infections, as described, is due to innate responses to the vaccine or adaptive responses? Explain your answer.