What is “washing” in immunology? What types of interactions does washing interfere with? What molecules are used for effective “washing” in the immunology lab? b) Blocking is also a common feature of immunological assays. Why is blocking required?

Q: In the event of an inflammation in the body, discuss the vaccine concept after indicating how the…

A: Inflammation It is defined as a biological response of the immune system which is stimulated by…

Q: Some Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognize nucleic acids, like RNA or DNA. Since our own…

A: The immune system is an important organ system in the body that plays a role in defense against…

Q: Enlist two immunological diagnostic techniques that rely on a secondary antibody and explain their…

A: In Immunological diagnostic techniques, antigen and antibody play the key role. Specific antigen…

Q: What types of compounds in bacterial cells can serve as antigens?

A: Bacteria are prokaryotic cells, they are present in various shapes in nature like rod-shaped,…

Q: How would you measure deamidation in a monoclonal antibody?

A: A monoclonal antibody (mAb or moAb) is an antibody made up of a particular white blood cell. All…

Q: What is the purpose of anti-human IgG antibodies in immunological testing?

A: Each IgG is composed of four peptide chains with two antigen binding sites - two γ-class heavy…

Q: In (b), why would it be more efficient to use labeled anti-human IgG rather than label the patient’s…

A: In direct method of antigen detection, the primary antibody is directly attached to a label. It…

Q: What is the purpose of using a secondary antibody?

A: An antibody is a protein structure raised against a specific antigen. The antibody is denoted as Ab…

Q: What is the smallest unit of an antibody that can retain the specificity and binding affinity of the…

A: Antigen-binding fragments generated from the variable region of IgG and IgM include Fab2, Fab, Fab',…

Q: Staphylococcus aureus makes a protein called protein A, which binds to the Fc region of antibody…

A: The pull-down assay is an in vitro method that helps to determine a physical interaction between two…

Q: Based on the constant region of the antibodies there are only five iso-types of the antibodies,…

A: Antibodies are the Y-shaped large molecules that combine with the antigen for neutralizing…

Q: What does ‘separation of bound from free’ mean in terms of the radioimmunoassay?

A: A radioimmunoassay uses radiolabeled molecules during the immune complex formation. It is used to…

Q: Illustrate the solid phase “sandwich” immunoassaY AND What does the “s” in HBs stand for? What other…

A: Introduction: The antigen-antibody reaction is an association between an antigen and the antibody…

Q: department minutes after being bitten by a black widow spider. You immediatrely inject gamma…

A: It is also known as vaccination. It is a process to protect individuals from infectious diseases.…

Q: Name the technique based on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction used in detection of a…

A: The high specificity of antibodies towards antigens is the major principle for serological testing.…

Q: Why is a blocking buffer needed while running the immunoblotting of the PDVF membrane, furthermore…

A: Immunoblotting, like ELISA, uses host antibodies to identify specific parasite antigens. Protein…

Q: If I purchase a mouse anti GAPDH antibody what will it bind to?

A: Introduction  Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, or GAPDH, is a universal enzyme present in…

Q: Vhich of the following enables almost all cells of the body to be recognized by an individual's…

A: The immune system is a complicated physiological system comprised of several organs, tissues, and…

Q: In immunology, what is meant by the term tolerance. How do we become tolerant to the structures in…

A: In immunology, tolerance refers to the immune system's ability to recognize and tolerate the body's…

Q: The secondary antibody used in the laboratory for western blotting is conjugated to which enzyme?…

A: Secondary antibody is complementary to the primary antibody that is specific for a particular…

Q: What is the variable region of an antibody? The hypervariable or complementarity-determining region?…

A: Introduction  Immunity: it is the capability of our body to fight against the diseases. This is done…

Q: Describe the principles behind direct and indirect fl uorescent antibody tests.

A: Fluorescent antibody technique is a laboratory technique in which the labelled antibodies bind to…

Q: What is the name of protein subjected to IP? What is the importance of the pY blot? How many…

A: Immunoprecipitation or IP is a technology that precipitates a protein from the solution with the…

Q: Flow cytometry analysis was performed on the blood of an individual known to have been recently…

A: Rhino virus: it causes common cold, pneumonia in children.  Mycobacterium: it causes tuberculosis.…

Q: From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" the flu vaccine includes antigens from two strains of…

A: The flu, also known as influenza, is an infectious respiratory ailment. It spreads by contact and…

Q: a) Role of HLA genes in immunology in detail?

A: The study of the immune system, an important part of medical and biological science, is called…

Q: Name the substance that is made using modern techniques when specific genes of microorganisms cloned…

A: Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA technology to alter the genetic makeup…

Q: Which of below domain of antibody is self-recognition site? Heavy chain Light chain Fab region…

A:

Q: Which of the enzymatic fragments are able to bind antigen?

A: BASIC INFORMATION  IMMUNE SYSTEM  It defends our body from the foreign particles which can cause…

Q: Which statement about autologous is true?   Question 32 options:   a)  The…

A: Before we can answer the question, we need to understand the terms involved. Autologous refers to…

Q: Define the Immunotherapy with genetically engineered TCells ?

A: The treatment of diseases by activation or suppression of the immune system is immunotherapy or…

Q: Name the two types of antibody light chains.

A: Antibodies are Y-shaped specialized proteins that attach like a lock-and-key to a foreign pathogen.…

Q: Describe two advantages of an attenuated vaccine over an inacti­vated one.

A: Live vaccine are produced by reducing the virulence (disease causing capacity), whereas killed or…

Q: Why doesn't the influenza vaccine offer more than a few months of protection?

A: The vaccination provides the protection to the person from various kinds of infective diseases. So,…

Q: For a immunoprecipitation experiment: By Observe the pellets and supernatants under UV light. Which…

A: Immunoprecipitaion is a technique used to isolate or detect the presence of a specific protein using…

Q: You are interested in performing indirect immunofluorescence light microscopy to observe the…

A: Immunofluorescence light microscopy is a laboratory technique that uses fluorescently labeled…

Q: Describe two advantages of an inactivated vaccine over an attenuated one.

A: There are numerous pathogens that are present in the environment that can potentially harm the body…

Q: Which of the IgG subclasses would you think was in principle most desirable for use as a therapeutic…

A: The antibodies formed by the immune system of the body are referred to as immunoglobulins. These are…

Q: 5) In the event of an inflammation in the body, discuss the vaccine concept after stating what the…

A: Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as…

Q: You are an energetic immunology student who has isolated protein X, which you believe is a new…

A: B cells or B lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell found in the body. It is an immune cell that…

Q: please help explain would SARS-CoV-2 N-nucleocasid protein be good target for neutralizing…

A: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)- coronavirus 2 (CoV-2) has caused the COVID-19 pandemic of…