Vhich of the following enables almost all cells of the body to be recognized by an individual's immune system as "self"? O The presence of class II MHC molecules on cell surfaces O The presence of ABO antigenic markers on cell surfaces O The presence of Ig D molecules on cell surfaces O The presence of class I MHC molecules on cell surfaces QUESTION 2 In a vaccine preparation, the term "attenuated" means that the agent does NOT replicate. O True O False QUESTION 3 Opsonizing protein must attached be against O protein O phagocytic O internal O surface components if they are to effectively stimulate phagocytosis.

Q: Why are commercial COVID vaccines all targeting the Spike protein? O It is the biggest Sars-CoV-2…

A: Spike protein is a large type transmembrane protein that is highly glycosylated as it contains 21 to…

Q: Which of the following statements about innate lymphoid cells is true? (ONE ANSWER)   Require the…

A: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are immune cells that lack a specific antigen receptor but can produce…

Q: To put an end to the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines were developed against the virus and people…

A: Vaccines are antigens or proteins that help in eliciting the host immune response against specific…

Q: It was stated that the Rh antigens are so sparsely scattered on the red cell surface that lgG…

A: Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), also known as Rh disease or erythroblastosis fetalis, is a…

Q: T-cell receptor diversity is controlled by Select one: DNA recombination during prophase of meiosis…

A: T cells are the lymphocytes involved in adaptive immune responses. These cells have receptors for…

Q: What is an epitope? O the part of a molecule that an antibody binds to an antibody that binds to a…

A: Immune system protects our body from invading pathogens such as bacteria, virus, fungi, etc. It…

Q: Some health-care providers are understandably reluctant to treat unvaccinated patients. Do they have…

A: Vaccines are the protective sources of any disease. Vaccination is done universally for some…

Q: Why Vaccine effectiveness declines with stress?

A: Stress can have all sorts of negative health effectsweight gain, sleeplessness, high blood pressure…

Q: Identify the highlighted part of the antibody Antigen Binding Site Constant region Constant region…

A: Antibodies are also refers to as Immunoglobulin ( Ig ) and are basically proteinaceous substances…

Q: Mutations occurring in B cells within the germinal center:

A: Germinal centers are sites within secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and spleen)  -…

Q: HELP Immunology question

A: 1. Signal 1: 1. 4. Restriction on MHC Products: Specifically, this refers to the interaction that…

Q: Fig. 5: LAPTM5 transports HIV-1 Env to the lysosome for degradation. a 120, x43 x 137 x146 NL4-3…

A: "ANSWER  By causing damage to HIV-1 Env, LAPTM5 transports it to the lysosome. With Vpr-defective…

Q: An A negative mother (gravida 5, para 5) has just delivered an A positive newborn.  Her antibody…

A: RH immune globulinis a concentrated immunoglobulin preparation that contains antibodies to Rh. These…

Q: Viruses can easily mutate exchange genetic material, mechanisms referred to as antigenic drift and…

A: Antigenic Drift - The virus changes genetically by accumulating mutations within the genes that code…

Q: Describe the reason as to why inducing plasma cells to secrete IgG instead of IgE prevents type |…

A: A biological system called the immune system is in charge of identifying and eliminating foreign…

Q: department minutes after being bitten by a black widow spider. You immediatrely inject gamma…

A: It is also known as vaccination. It is a process to protect individuals from infectious diseases.…

Q: Please answer the following question(s): 1. What is the main outcome of pathogen recognition by…

A: Introduction The defence system with which you were born, known as innate or nonspecific immunity.…

Q: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mouse model of the human diseaseMULTIPLE…

A: T cells enter the central nervous system by transporting across the endothelial blood-brain barrier…

Q: vaccine known as bacillus calmette guerin bcg is used. it is not used in the united states. every…

A: The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent tuberculosis (TB). It is…

Q: When people get vaccinated for the COVID-19, which of the following will occur to them in response…

A: Vaccination is the process of administering the vaccine which is a weakened or killed strain of the…

Q: Match the following immunological tests to…

A: Various methods that are used to determine the specific immune responses. They are also used in…

Q: From: "Towards a universal flu vaccine" Researchers are trying to create a universal influenza…

A: Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses.

Q: SYstemic Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are produced that target…

A: Autoimmune disease occurs when our immune system attacks our own body because it confuses it for…

Q: Identify the highlighted part of the antibody

A: Immunity is the most talked-about term in this covid pandemic, it defines to be the body's mechanism…

Q: SARS-CoV-2 is more contagious in humans than SARS because it has been shown that     SARS-CoV-2…

A: SARS-CoV-2 is also known as COVID-2 which was introduced in 2019 caused COVID. Whereas, SARS is also…

Q: H1N1 and H5N2 can undergo an antigenic shift. The H and N genes are independent gene segments. What…

A: Antigenic drift signifies the mixing of different inflenza genes from different species.  Influenza…

Q: IgA and IgG are examples of which type of immunity? O Artificial passive immunity O Natural passive…

A: The antibodies are immunoglobulin molecules that are produced by the B-lymphocytes and provide…

Q: Individuals infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) mount protective antibody responses directed…

A: C3 is an important protein in the complement system of our innate immunity. C3 is also called…

Q: Which of the following statements pertain to this cell.  This cell is a precursor to a cell which:…

A: Introduction :-  Monocytes are the cells which acts as a bridge between the innate and adaptive…

Q: Upon antigen exposure, antigen binding sites;. is the first antibody produced with is the second…

A: The correct answer is:IgM; 10; IgA; 4; IgG; 2Here's the explanation:IgM: This is the first antibody…

Q: Long time exposure of red blood cells to hypotonic solutions may lead to Select one: O a.…

A: A hypotonic solution is a solution with low solute concentration inside the cell (hypo in latin…

Q: Some Type-II immunopathology mediated autoimmune diseases have manifestations in multiple different…

A: Type-II immunopathology mediated autoimmune diseases are a type of autoimmune disease in which…

Q: 71. T-independent antigens such as capsular polysaccharides have all of the following disadvantages…

A: The antigen is a molecule, which may be an insider or the outsider of the body, induces an immune…

Q: After Endocytosis of an antigen, the antigen is more likely to be presented on О а. МНС П. O b. On…

A: MHC - Cluster of genes present on the short arm of chromosome number - 6. MHC I & II - play role…

Q: Large quantities of the antibody Y can defend our organism from the invasic bacterium that has a…

A: Antibodies contribute to immunity in three ways: by binding to pathogens and preventing them from…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.