What is meant by the statement “orthogonal analysis methods should be used for characterization of impurities”? Why do bacterial and plant cells require partial destruction prior to osmotic lysis? How can the partial destruction be achieved?

what is the most efficient way to solve this dilution word problem?

For the study of alanine production by a recombinant strain of E. coli, cultivation was carried out in a benchtop bioreactor with 4.5 L of culture medium, using glucose as a limiting substrate. During the cultivation, there was no lag phase and the cells showed exponential growth for 5 hours. The following table presents the results of the analysis of ammonia and glucose consumption, and alanine accumulation throughout the cultivation. Knowing that 500 mL of a cell suspension at a concentration of 5.0 g/L (inoculum) was added to the 4.5 L of medium in the reactor and that the YX/NH3 previously determined was 7.5, calculate:a) the maximum specific growth rateb) YX/S and YP/S yield factorsc) How long would it take to reach Cx = 30 g/L if the cells continued with the exponential growth profile until the end of the culture (without nutrient deprivation or any type of inhibition)?d) Describe how the mathematical treatment of the data should be done to determine the type of product formation…

What is your overall dilution factor if you complete 3 serial dilutions using a 100-fold dilution each time? (Show your work)

A study of microbial pathogen transport in an aqueous environment is to be studied. The target microorganism is Escheria Coli with a characteristic length of 25 micrometers. The pathogen moves at a rate of 2.5 micrometer/second. What model fluid should be used? Why?

On the graph that relates absorbance to flavin concentration, draw a horizontal line that starts at the point on the y-axis that corresponds to the absorbance of your unknown sample and ends at the curve you drew through your data points . Next draw a vertical line that starts at the point where the horizontal line intersected the curve and ends at the x-axis. The point where this vertical line intersects the x-axis corresponds to the concentration of flavin in your unknown sample. What was the letter on the tube with your unknown sample? What is the concentration of the flavin in your unknown

Mannitol salt agar (MSA) only allows the growth of halophiles. Among the halophiles, mannitol fermenters release acid that turns the pH indicator yellow; mannitol non-fermenters leave the medium red. Onto MSA you inoculate a halophilic mannitol non-fermenter and a non-halophilic mannitol non-fermenter. What are your expected results in this experiment? Explain the role of the media in this case.

Why do we use turbidity as a method to measure bacterial growth? How does it work? How do you interpret the theoretical and actual results of turbidity measurements? Can you think of advantages and disadvantages to using this type of method?

What are two advantages of filtration in microbial control? Explain how the filtration process works.

The data below were obtained for the growth of a pure culture of Escherichia coli in nutrient broth at a temperature of 37°C.   Determine (1) the specific growth rate and (2) generation time of E. coli and the duration of the (3) lag and (4) log (or exponential) phases. (ln 2 = 0.693)   Time (h)               0        1        2        3        4        8       16      32 Bacterial No./mL 104.1  103.9  104.4  105.5  106.5  107.7  108.0  107.6