what has been the standard deviation of annual returns (volatility) of these markets?       Year Emerging 1988 40.4% 1989 65.0% 1990 -10.6% 1991 59.9% 1992 11.4% 1993 74.8% 1994 -7.3% 1995 -5.2% 1996 6.0% 1997 -11.6% 1998 -25.3% 1999 66.4% 2000 -30.6% 2001 -2.4% 2002 -6.0% 2003 56.3% 2004 26.0% 2005 34.5% 2006 32.6% 2007 39.8% 2008 -53.2% 2009 79.0% 2010 19.2% 2011 -18.2% 2012 18.6% 2013 -2.3% the standard deviation of annual returns (volatility) of these markets?

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Exchange Rate Risk

It is the possibility that the value of a currency will fluctuate in the future. In the wake of globalization, business establishments have increasingly ventured into international markets. The volume of international trade has prospered excellently in the near past and is expected to be more affluent in the future. The use of exchange-traded derivative financial instruments has been multi-folded to provide for the requirements of various MNCs and offshore potential investors. Most banks and financial institutions have helped integrate the global economies. Our Government has introduced some bold and extreme measures to fulfil the purpose behind the fiscal, industrial, and monetary policies. The enactment of GST is a huge step towards streamlining the taxation system of the country. Owing to Covid-19, this aspect of corporate risk management has become critical.