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- Identify which of the following statements is a lie? Select one: a.Diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3) are byproducts of enzymatic cleaving of PIP2 using phospholipase C while PIP2 formed via enzymatic activity of kinases. b.cAMP is an important second messenger because it serves to activate or inactivate proteins within the cells, especially those cells which their metabolic pathways are regulated by cAMP-dependent kinase (A-kinase). c.Second messengers are molecules that act alternative to signaling molecules to bind to the receptors by altering the structure of cellular proteins.What are the roles of the following signaling molecules in the glucagon pathway: Second messenger Kinase (promoting the pathway) Kinase (inhibiting the pathway)Place the following events in the proper order to describe the production of a second messenger from a G-protein. 1. Dissociation of G alpha from the beta and gamma subunits in the G protein complex 2. Ligand interaction with the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) 3. Recruitment of a G protein to the GPCR and replacement of GDP with GTP on the G alpha subunit 4. Conformational change in the G alpha a subunit causing a decreased affinity for the beta and gamma subunits 5. Activation of an effector, such as adenylyl cyclase to make CAMP, by the active G alpha subunit OA. 4, 5, 1, 2, 3 OB. 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 OC-3, 2, 1, 5, 4 OD. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 OE. 2, 3, 4, 1,5 QUESTION 17 Kinases are essential in the cell because they directly OA. destroy IP3, turning off that signaling pathway. OB. phosphorylate proteins to cause conformational changes that change their activity. OC. directly activate translation. O D bind hydrophobic hormones in the cytoplasm to activate them. O E. bind and release calcium…
- What distinguishes a steroid receptor from a receptor tyrosine kinase receptor or a G-protein-coupled receptor?A hormone signals through a G protein-coupled receptor as shown in the diagram. After the production of IP3, which of these events will MOST quickly stop the transduction of the signal? A. the hydrolysis of IP3 B. the hydrolysis of GTP C. the hydrolysis of PIP2 D. the hydrolysis of the hormone I believe the answer is (B) the hydrolysisof GTP, because the G protein becomes inactive after GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP. However, the solution provided by Bartleby is (C). Please explain. ThanksNerve-growth factor (NGF) binds to a protein tyrosine kinase receptor. The amount of diacylglycerol in the plasma membrane increases in cells expressing this receptor when treated with NGF. Propose a simple signaling pathway and identify the isoform of any participating enzymes. Would you expect the concentrations of any other common second messengers to increase on NGF treatment?
- Testerone is a steriod (lipid) hormone. Which of the following would be the most likely receptor for this hormone? Select one: a. A transmembrane receptor in the cell membrane since it cannot diffuse across the cell membrane b. An intracellular receptor because it can diffuse across the cell membraneInsulin is a peptide (protein) hormone. As such, which of the following would be the most likely receptor for this signaling hormone? Select one: a. A transmembrane receptor in the cell membrane b. An intracellular receptorWhich of the following enzymes does NOT catalyzes the formation a second messenger? A. PI3K B. Protein kinase C C. Phospholipase C D. Guanylyl cyclase Which of the following statements is correct? A. Lipolysis is inhibited by epinephrine and glucagon B. Phosphorylation of triacylglycerol lipase inhibits its activity C. Activation of protein kinase A inhibits lipolysis D. Fatty acids are activated in mitochondria before undergoing b-oxidation E. Lipolysis is stimulated by cAMP F. None of the above
- In muscle cells, when adrenaline binds to beta-adrenergic receptor, it trigger signaling cascade leading to active glycogen phosphorylate breaks up glycogen into glucose subunits (Glycogen -> G1P). Base on following figure, describe this signaling cascade:You are studying a drug that affects a cAMP signalling pathway that is normally initiated when a signalling molecule binds to a G-protein coupled receptor. You determine that the drug prevents the hydrolysis of GTP bound to G-proteins in this pathway. Describe the impact, if any, that this drug would have on the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), assuming that the pathway has been activated by the presence of the signalling molecule (first messenger). Include an explanation for your response.Recently, a Gα q-coupled receptor was discovered that mediates at least some of the many activities of estrogen. At the time, this discovery generated considerable controversy, as it ran counter to what was then the understanding of how steroid hormone signaling worked. Which of the following observations might have led the investigators to suspect the existence of this newly discovered receptor? A. Activities of estrogen apparent less than 1 minute after application of the hormone B. The growth promoting activity of estrogen C. The presence of estrogen nuclear receptors in cells not previously known to respond to the hormone D. Estrogen is found in much higher concentrations in adult women than adult men E. Uptake of estrogen by target cells