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- True or False? A clinical trial is conducted to compare an experimental medication to placebo to reduce the symptoms of asthma. One hundred participants are enrolled in the study and randomized to receive either the experimental medication or placebo. The primary outcome is self-reported reduction of symptoms. Among 50 participants who receive the experimental medication, 30 report a reduction of symptoms as compared to 15 participants of 50 assigned to the placebo. The 95% CI for the relative risk of participants reporting a reduction of symptoms between the experimental and placebo groups is between 0.114 and 0.486.You may need to use the appropriate technology to answer this question. How long it takes paint to dry can have an impact on the production capacity of a business. An auto body & paint business invested in a paint-drying robot to speed up its process. An interesting question is, "Do all paint-drying robots have the same drying time?" To test this, suppose we sample five drying times for each of different brands of paint-drying robots. The time in minutes until the paint was dry enough for a second coat to be applied was recorded. Suppose the following data were obtained. Robot 1 129 137 135 124 140 Robot 2 143 133 142 146 131 Robot 3 Robot 4 133 O Hoi H₁ H₂ H3 #44 H₂H₁ H₂ H3 H4 142 136 137 132 O H₂H₁ = H₂ = H3 H4 H₂: Not all the population means are equal. 151 O Ho: Not all the population means are equal. H₂: H₁ = H₂ = μ3 = μ4 142 136 At the a = 0.05 level of significance, test to see whether the mean drying time is the same for each type of robot. State the null and alternative…In a certain jurisdiction, all students in Grade Three are required to take a standardized test to evaluate their math comprehension skills.The file contains these data resulting from a random sample of n=30 schools within this jurisdiction. From these data you wish to estimate the model Yi=β0+β1Xi+ei where Xi is the percentage of Grade Three students in School i who live below the poverty line and Yi is the average mathematics comprehension score for all Grade Three students in the same school, School i. The observed data for the X variable is labled perbelowpoverty and the observed data for the Y variable is labeled mathscore in the file.Import (either hand type or load the file) data into R Studio, then answer the following questions based on the data.(a) Create a scatterplot of the data. What can you say about the nature of the relationship between the percentage of Grade Three students living below the poverty line in a certain school and the school's average Grade Three…
- Tardigrades, or water bears, are a type of micro-animal famous for their resilience. In examining the effects of radiation on organisms, an expert claimed that the amount of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony of tardigrades no longer has a mean of 1350 Gy (grays). (For comparison, humans cannot withstand more than 10 Gy .) A study was conducted on a sample of 18 randomly selected tardigrade colonies, finding that the amount of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony had a sample mean of 1375 Gy , with a sample standard deviation of 75 Gy . Assume that the population of amounts of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony of tardigrades is approximately normally distributed. Complete the parts below to perform a hypothesis test to see if there is enough evidence, at the 0.05 level of significance, to support the claim that μ , the mean amount of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony of tardigrades, is not equal to 1350 Gy .You are concerned that nausea may be a side effect of Tamiflu, but you cannot just give Tamiflu to patients with the flu and say that nausea is a side effect if people become nauseous. This is because nausea is common for people who have the flu. From past studies you know that about 34% of people who get the flu experience nausea. You collected data on 1926 patients who were taking Tamiflu to relieve symtoms of the flu, and found that 711 experienced nausea. Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that the percentage of people who take Tamiflu for the relief of flu symtoms and experience nausea is greater than 34%. a) Identify the null and alternative hypotheses? Ho: ? H₁: ? b) What type of hypothesis test should you conduct (left-, right-, or two-tailed)? left-tailed right-tailed O two-tailed c) Identify the appropriate significance level. d) Calculate your test statistic. Write the result below, and be sure to round your final answer to two decimal places. e) Calculate your…Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet favorably affect several risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The principal dietary polyunsaturated fat is linoleic acid. Suppose we randomly selected twelve adults for our study. We took their blood pressure measurements (systolic blood pressure) at the start and recorded them for each adult. Then we placed required these adults to consume 23g/day of safflower oil which is high in linoleic acid for four weeks. At the end of the four weeks, we took another systolic blood pressure(SBP) measurement. The paired data is provided below: Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Baseline SBP 119.67 100.00 123.56 109.89 96.22 133.33 115.78 126.39 122.78 117.44 111.33 92.39 1-month SBP 117.33 98.78 123.83 107.67 95.67 128.89 113.22 121.56 126.33 110.39 107.00 93.06 Use the appropriate nonparametric test at alpha level of 0.05, to test whether the diet heavy in linoleic acid increases systolic blood pressure (SBP). Use Steps 0-5
- Researchers suspect that drinking tea might enhance the production of interferon gamma, a molecule that helps the immune system fight bacteria, viruses, and tumors. A recent study involved 20 healthy people who did not normally drink tea or coffee. Ten of the participants were randomly assigned to drink five cups of tea a day, while 10 were asked to drink the same amount of coffee. After two weeks, blood samples were exposed to an antigen and production of interferon gamma were measured. The results are shown in the following table: Теа: 55 17 54 49 10 46 21 14 53 Coffee: 16 12 20 52 37 15 22 30 3 Let X ~ N(ux,o3) be the interferon gamma production for participants who drink tea and observations for the ten participants who drink tea are a random sample from X. Let Y ~ N(uy,o) be the interferon gamma production for participants who drink coffee and observations for the ten participants who drink coffee are a random sample from Y. Some R output that may help. > p1 qnorm(p1) [1] -2.326…Answer the following:A study investigated the joint effects of sleep quality and sleep duration on the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). A total of 60,586 individuals aged 40 and older with no current or prior history of CHD were enrolled into the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on sleep quality and duration at the start of the study, and 43,910 participants reported getting ³6 hours of sleep per day. Participants were followed for approximately 12 years, for a total of 152,000 person-years among those getting <6 hours sleep/day and 527,000 person-years among those getting ³6 hours sleep/day. Out of 2,740 participants who developed CHD throughout follow-up, 721 participants reported getting <6 hours of sleep per day at baseline. Question 10: What is the incidence rate of coronary heart disease among all participants in the study?
- Most cases of cervical cancer are linked to a few strains of the human papilloma virus (HPV). The pharmaceutical company Merck developed a vaccine (Gardisil) against these HPV strains. Worldwide clinical trials followed young women after vaccination or administration of placebo for two to four years for signs of HPV-caused cervical cancer. Based on a sample of 100 women in the Gardisil group, 24 % developed cervical cancer, and based on a sample of 100 women in the placebo group, 34 % developed cervical cancer. Test the claim that the proportion of women who developed cervical cancer in the Gardisil group is less than the proportion of women who developed cervical cancer in the placebo group at a = 0.10. Round your answers to three decimal places, and round any interim calculations to four decimal places. Fill in the hypotheses below where p₁ denotes the proportion of women who developed cervical cancer in the Gardisil group and P2 denotes the proportion of women who developed cervical…Trans-Generational Effects of Diet Can experiences of parents affect future children? New studies16 suggest that they can: Early life experiences of parents appear to cause permanent changes in sperm and eggs. In one study, some male rats were fed a high-fat diet with 43% of calories from fat (a typical American diet), while others were fed a normal healthy rat diet. Not surprisingly, the rats fed the high-fat diet were far more likely than the normal-diet rats to develop metabolic syndrome (characterized by such things as excess weight, excess fat, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance.) What surprised the scientists was that the daughters of these rats were also far more likely to develop metabolic syndrome than the daughters of rats fed healthy diets. None of the daughters and none of the mothers ate a high-fat diet and the fathers did not have any contact with the daughters. The high-fat diet of the fathers appeared to cause negative effects for their daughters. What are the…The drug AZT was the first drug that seemed effective in delaying the onset of AIIDS in people infected with HIV. Evidence for AZT's effectiveness came from a large randomized comparative experiment. The subjects were 1300 HIV-positive volunteers who had not yet developed AIIDS. The double-blind study assigned 435 of the subjects at random to take 500 milligrams of AZT each day and another 435 to take a placebo. At the end of the study, 38 of the placebo subjects and 17 of the AZT subjects had developed AIDS. (a) Calculate and interpret the odds ratio, OR, and the relative risk, RR, for the AZT group compared with the placebo group. (Enter your answers rounded to four decimal places.) RR = OR = How do the values for OR and RR compare? O The OR value is much larger than the RR value which must imply the risk of getting AIDS while not using AZT is much higher. Both values are very easy to interpret since they are quite intuitive. O The OR value is somewhat similar to the RR value but is…
