Most cases of cervical cancer are linked to a few strains of the human papilloma virus (HPV). The pharmaceutical company Merck developed a vaccine (Gardisil) against these HPV strains. Worldwide clinical trials followed young women after vaccination or administration of placebo for two to four years for signs of HPV-caused cervical cancer. Based on a sample of 100 women in the Gardisil group, 26% developed cervical cancer, and based on a sample of 100 women in the placebo group, 32% developed cervical cancer. Test the claim that the proportion of women who developed cervical cancer in the Gardisil group is less than the proportion of women who developed cervical cancer in the placebo group at a = 0.05. Round your answers to three decimal places, and round any interim calculations to four decimal places. Fill in the hypotheses below where p₁ denotes the proportion of women who developed cervical cancer in the Gardisil group and p2 denotes the proportion of women who developed cervical cancer in the placebo group. Ho: Select an answer Ha: Select an answer This test is Select an answer ✓ ? ✓ Select an answer ✓ ? Select an answer ✓

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer‑related deaths in the United States. Researchers examined the idea of testing all Medicare‑enrolled heavy smokers for lung cancer with a computed tomography (CT) scan every year. In this population, the lifetime chance of developing lung cancer is high. In any given year, approximately 3%3% of heavy smokers develop lung cancer. The CT scan positively identifies lung cancer 89%89% of the time, and it gives a negative result for 93%93% of individuals who do not have lung cancer. (a) Use probability notation to express the three values cited. Match the notation with the appropriate values. Not necessarily all notation choices should be used.

A journal reported a study examining the possible impact of air pollution on the weight of babies. Researchers found that 9% of 174 babies bon to mothers who were exposed to heavy doses of air pollution in a city were classified as having low birthweight. Only 5% of 2300 babies bom in another hospital in the city whose mothers had not been exposed to air pollution were similarly classified. Does this indicate a possibility that air polution might be linked to a significantly higher proportion of low-weight babies? a) Test an appropriate hypothesis at a = 0.10 and state your conclusion. b) If you concluded there is a difference, estimate that difference with a confidence interval and interpret that interval in context. State the conclusion. Reject Ho. There sufficient evidence at the a = 0.10 level of significance to conclude that the population proportion of low-weight babies born to mothers who were exposed to air pollution is greater than the is population proportion of low-weight…

Mammography and clinical breast examination are the two major techniques used to screen for breast cancer. However, as true for any screening test, they are not completely accurate. If it is determined, based on mammographic findings, that there is a possibility of breast cancer, this is usually confirmed or disconfirmed by a subsequent biopsy. A false positive test is a mammogram positive test that is disconfirmed by biopsy. The data in Table 1 were reported in a paper concerning breast cancer screening (Elmore, et al, New England Journal of Medicine 1998; 338(16): 1089-1096). Table 1 False positive breast cancer screening tests over a 10-year period # Screening tests # False positive tests 9762 631 1. Another aspect of mammographic screening is the presence of false negatives. A false negative is a screen negative woman who has breast cancer. False negatives usually occur because the tumors are small and hard to detect. It is estimated that among women with breast cancer, 2% of all…

In randomized, double-blind clinical trials of a new vaccine, monkeys were randomly divided into two groups. Subjects in group 1 received the new vaccine while subjects in group 2 received a control vaccine. After the second dose, 117 of 750 subjects in the experimental group (group 1) experienced drowsiness as a side effect. After the second dose, 74 of 631 of the subjects in the control group (group 2) experienced drowsiness as a side effect. Does the evidence suggest that a higher proportion of subjects in group 1 experienced drowsiness as a side effect than subjects in group 2 at the a = 0.05 level of significance? Verify the model requirements. Select all that apply. O A. The samples are independent. B. The sample size is more than 5% of the population size for each sample. OC. n,P, (1-P1) 2 10 and n2p2 (1- P2) 2 10 D. The data come from a population that is normally distributed. E. The sample size is less than 5% of the population size for each sample. O F. The samples are…

In randomized, double-blind clinical trials of a new vaccine, toddlers were randomly divided into two groups. Subjects in group 1 received the new vaccine while subjects in group 2 received a control vaccine. After the second dose, 121 of 379 subjects in the experimental group (group 1) experienced nausea as a side effect. After the second dose, 150 of 595 of the subjects in the control group (group 2) experienced nausea as a side effect. Does the evidence suggest that a higher proportion of subjects in group 1 experienced nausea as a side effect than subjects in group 2 at the α = 0.10 level of significance?

The researchers sought to explore the connection between dietary fat consumption and the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in a cohort of 5,115 young adults of both Black and White backgrounds. In 1985, these individuals underwent an initial examination. Over the subsequent 35 years, those who were initially free of disease were monitored to investigate the potential associations between their dietary fat intake and the occurrence of CVD events. Among the 2,100 young adults who had a high-fat diet at the start of the study, 255 experienced a new CVD event. Among the 3,015 young adults who did not have a high-fat diet at baseline, 125 experienced a new CVD event during the follow-up period. Risk of CVD events among those with a high-fat diet is ____. Risk of CVD events among those without a high-fat is ____. The relative risk is ____.

1 of Question Help ▼ A study conducted in Uganda and Kenya looked at heterosexual couples in which one of the partners was HIV-positive and the other was not. The person in each couple who was not HIV-positive was randomly assigned to one of three study regimens: tenofovir (TDF), combination tenofovir-emtricitabine (TDF-FTC), or placebo and was followed for up to 36 months. Fifteen of the 1415 people assigned to TDF became positive for HIV, as did 12 of the 1463 assigned to TDF-FTC and 52 of the 1615 assigned to the placebo. Complete parts (a) through (c) below. 2 of 2 H: Treatment and HIV status have non-equal proportions. O D. Ho: Treatment and HIV status are independent. H Treatment and HIV status are associated. Calculate the chi-square test statistic. 0 of 2 x² = (Round to two decimal places as needed.) Determine the p-value. 1 of 1 p-value = (Round to three decimal places as needed.) What is the conclusion for this test? O A. Reject Ho and conclude that the treatment and HIV…

Tan/ page Rosiglitazone is the active ingredient in the controversial type 2 diabetes medicine Avandia and has been linked to an increased risk of serious cardiovascular problems such as stroke, heart failure, and death. A common alternative treatment is pioglitazone, the active ingredient in a diabetes medicine called Actos. In a nationwide retrospective observational study of 227,571 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older, it was found that 2,593 of the 67,593 patients using rosiglitazone and 5,386 of the 159,978 using pioglitazone had serious cardiovascular problems. These data are summarized in the contingency table below. Cardiovascular problems Yes No Total Rosiglitazone 2,593 65,000 Pioglitazone 5,386 154,592 159,978 67,593 Total 7,979 219,592 227,571 a) Write a set of hypotheses comparing the rates for cardiovascular problems for the two treatments. Но: р, — рp? На: р, — Рp ? Compute the point estimate, the observed difference in rates for cardiovascular problems in the…

Coughlin et al. (A-9) examined the breast and cervical screening practices of Hispanic and non- Hispanic women in counties that approximate the U.S. southern border region. The study used data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys of adults age 18 years or older conducted in 1999 and 2000. The table below reports the number of observations of Hispanic and non-Hispanic women who had received a mammogram in the past 2 years cross-classified with marital status. Marital Status Currently Married Divorced or Separated Widowed Never Married or Living As an Unmarried Couple Hispanic 319 130 88 41 Non-Hispanic 738 329 402 95 (a) We select at random a subject who divorced or separated? ect who ha Total 1057 459 490 136 Total 578 1564 2142 Source: Steven S. Coughlin, Robert J. Uhler, Thomas Richards, and Katherine M. Wilson, "Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Practices Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Women Residing Near the United States-Mexico Border, 1999-2000," Family…