Unusually high levels of Mdr1 provide stem cells with a. Nutrients needed b. Protection of their genomes from mutagenic agents c. Apoptotic factors d. Ability to differentiate
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- Mechanisms that govern gene expression do not operate during _______. a. transcription c. translation b. RNA processing d. knockoutsRetrotransposons are mediated by the enzyme O a. transposase O b. RISC O c. retrotransposase O d. retrotranscriptase O e. reverse transcriptaseWhich of the following possibilities could explain how PcGcomplexesare able to silence genes?a. The compaction of nucleosomesb. The attachment of ubiquitin to histone proteinsc. The direct inhibition of transcription factors, such as TFIIDd. All of the above
- Which of the following mechanisms may be involved when PRC1complexes silence gene expression?a. The compaction of nucleosomesb. The attachment of ubiquitin to histone proteinsc. The direct inhibition of transcription factors, such as TFIIDd. Any of the above may be involved in silencing of gene expressionby PRC1 complexes.Researchers have successfully used gene therapy toameliorate some human genetic diseases by adding anormal gene copy to cells whose genomes originallyhad only nonfunctional mutant copies of that gene.For example, a form of blindness due to the lack of asingle protein called RPE65 has been reversed byintroduction of a normal RPE65 gene to cells of theretina of adults.a. The success of this gene therapy approach providesus with clues about the role of the RPE65 proteinin the retina. Do you think that RPE65 is neededfor the proper development of the human eye?b. Can you see a potential difficulty in applying this genetherapy approach for diseases like microcephaly?For each of the terms in the left column, choose thebest matching phrase in the right column.a. basal factors 1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactionsb. repressors 2. pattern of expressiondepends on which parenttransmitted the allelec. CpG 3. activates gene transcriptiontemporal- and tissue-specificallyd. imprinting 4. site of DNA methylatione. miRNA 5. identifies DNA-binding sitesof transcription factorsf. coactivators 6. bind to enhancersg. epigenetic effect 7. bind to promotersh. insulator 8. bind to activatorsi. enhancer 9. prevents or reduces geneexpression posttranscriptionallyj. ChIP-Seq 10. heritable change in geneexpression not caused byDNA sequence mutation
- . The website CBioPortal (http://www.cbioportal.org)is an exceptionally useful program for visualizing thecancer genes and genomes of tumors from thousandsof patients with different kinds of cancer that havebeen analyzed by whole genome sequencing and insome cases, by RNA-Seq.Go the the CBioPortal site and click All underSelect Cancer Study and in Enter Gene Set typePTEN, then hit Submit. On the page that is returnedyou will see how the coding region of the PTEN geneis altered in tumors investigated in the various studies.Hitting the tab Mutations will let you see the detailsof these mutations relative to the PTEN protein, whilethe tab Expression lets you see how the gene’s expression (in terms of cDNA reads) is altered in individual tumor samples.a. Is PTEN an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene?What kinds of evidence lead you to this conclusion?b. What kinds of cancer are most likely to involvealterations of PTEN?c. How would you identify patients whose tumorcells are particularly…How does reverse methylation affect gene expression? Select one: o a. The gene is turned off, but still expresses a protein product. b. The gene becomes transcriptionally silent. c. There is no effect on the gene. d. The gene is hyperactive resulting in a gain of function. e. The gene expresses the wrong protein. Clear my choice How do microRNAs regulate epigenetic mechanisms during development? Select one: o a. MicroRNAs function as gene repressors b. You only find microRNAS in epigenetic and cancer cells c. MicroRNAs function as gene activators d. MicroRNAS regulate methylation on the DNA sequences of embryos e. Researchers find that when microRNAs are present the effects of epigenetic modifications are 50% greater Clear my choice1. Match each of the terms in the left column to the bestfitting phrase from the right column.a. epistatic interaction 1. divide the body into identical units(segments)b. regulative 2. initiated by binding of ligand todetermination receptorc. modifier screen 3. individuals with cells of more thanone genotyped. RNAi 4. the fate of early embryonic cells canbe altered by the environmente. ectopic expression 5. assign identity to body segmentsf. homeodomain 6. substance whose concentrationdetermines cell fatesg. green fluorescent 7. suppression of gene expression byprotein double-stranded RNAh. genetic mosaics 8. method for identifying pleiotropicgenesi. segmentation genes 9. a DNA-binding motif found incertain transcription factorsj. homeotic genes 10. encode proteins that accumulate inunfertilized eggs and are needed forembryo developmentk. morphogen 11. double mutant has phenotype of oneof the two mutantsl. maternal effect 12. a gene is turned on in an inappropriategenes tissue or at…
- Proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes in a numberof different ways. In some cases, the proto-oncogene itselfbecomes amplified up to hundreds of times in a cancer cell.An example is the cyclin D1 gene, which is amplified in somecancers. In other cases, the proto-oncogene may be mutatedin a limited number of specific ways, leading to alterations inthe gene product’s structure. The ras gene is an example of aproto-oncogene that becomes oncogenic after suffering pointmutations in specific regions of the gene. Explain why thesetwo proto-oncogenes (cyclin D1 and ras) undergo such differentalterations to convert them into oncogenesA patient comes into your clinic exhibiting generic cancer symptoms. In order to help form a diagnosis, you ask about patient history and they tell you that they worked for years in an agricultural job, primarily in handling food for large bovine animals and then later working with insect pesticide treatment of grain fields. You decide to test for elevated levels of the environmental agent(s) in their body and focus your cancer diagnosis on based on the established associations of epigentic effects and cancer. O nickel and cadmium; stomach and skin cancer O benzene; breast, prostate and thyroid cancer O polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzene; lung, breast, stomach and skin cancer O arsenic and endocrine disruptors; skin, bladder, liver and kidney cancerDefects in this gene have been associated with metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Select one: O a. APC O b. RB O c. p53 O d. C-myc O e. Palladin O f. ras O g. BRCA1
