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Debt as a means of mitigating the common-pool problem. (Chari and Cole, 1993.) Consider the same setup as in Problem 12.15. Suppose, however, that there is an initial level of debt, D. The government budget constraint is therefore 
(a) How does an increase in D affect the Nash equilibrium level of G?
(b) Explain intuitively why your results in part (a) and in Problem 12.15 suggest that in a two-period model in which the representatives choose D after the first-period value of G is determined, the representatives would choose D > 0.
(c) Do you think that in a two-period model where the representatives choose D before the first-period value of G is determined, the representatives would choose D > 0? Explain intuitively.
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- The town of Grayling has 10 thousand residents who produce fish from fish farms and lakes. Each person who works on a fish farm produces 2 fish per day. Each person who fishes in a lake produces 10-X fish per day where X is the number of people (in thousands) who fish in the lakes. If every individual who fishes a lake is charged a tax of T fish, what value of T causes the Nash Equilibrium behavior to produce the largest possible number of fish for the town as a whole? (You can assume that the 'taxes' collected are shared among all of the residents)Consider the following Stackelberg model. There are two firms in the market. Firm 1 is the leader and firm 2 is the follower. Firms can decide to produce low or high. The extensive-form representation below presents the profits depending on production decisions of firms. The first value is profit of firm 1 and second value is profit of firm 2 depending on their production decisions. Solve using backward-induction. What are the optimal production levels of both firms? Describe how you found the optimal strategy using words.see the imageThe climate policy toolkit has, to-date, mostly focused on demand side policies (i.e. policies that affect the pollution demand curve), some of which are ‘command-and control’ and others are market based (e.g. cap-and-trade schemes, carbon taxes). Suppose the government decided to issue tradeable permits for a certain form of pollution, does it matter for economic efficiency whether the government allocates the permits to firms or whether it auctions them off? Why or why not?
- Two cigarette manufacturers repeatedly play the following simultaneous-move billboard advertising game. If both advertise, each earns profits of $0 million. If neither advertises, each earns profits of $10 million. If one advertises and the other does not, the firm that advertises earns $20 million and the other firm loses $1 million. If there is a 10 percent chance that the government will ban cigarette sales in any given year, can the firms “collude” by agreeing not to advertise?THE PRISONERS' DILEMMA Consider the following simple model of a cocktail party. Alice and Bob are carrying on separate conversations at the party. Alice speaks at volume a and Bob speaks at volume b. The communication benefit to Alice is al(a + b) and the benefit to Bob is b/(a + b). The vocal-strain cost to Alice is ca and the cost to Bob is cb, where c is a parameter. Suppose that the players have two choices: speaking softly at volume 1, or speaking loudly at volume 4. This leads to the following game in strategic form, with Alice choosing the row and Bob choosing the column. a = 1 a = 4 b = 1 0.5-c, 0.5-c 0.8-4c, 0.2-c 0.0400 0.0500 0.0750 0.0800 0.1500 b = 4 0.2 c, 0.8-4c - 0.54c, 0.5-4c For which of the following values of c is this game a prisoners' dilemma? (Mark all values for which this is true.)For the operating system game, let us assume Windows is more superior than Mac intrinsically and that network effects are stronger for Macs. These modifications are reflected in different payoffs. Now, the payoffs from adopting Windows is 30 + 10 × w and from adopting Mac is 20 × m. n consumers are simultaneously deciding between Windows and Mac, where n > 10. (a) Is there a Nash equilibrium in which everyone buys Windows? Explain your answer. (b) Is there a Nash equilibrium in which everyone buys Mac? Explain your answer. (c) Is there a Nash equilibrium in which some consumers buy Windows and some consumers buy Mac? Explain your answer.
- Assume that two people are bargaining over how to split the surplus of their joint efforts, which total $100. The only difference between the two is that player A has an associated interest rate of 5 percent and player B has an associated interest rate of 20 percent. Based on Nash bargaining theory, what share of the $100 ill Player A wind up with? (Please provide your answer in $ style format)Determine the optimal strategy for the situation by representing it as a game and finding the saddle point. State your final answer in the terms of the original question.A Republican and a Democratic candidate are running for office in a heavily Republican county. A recent newspaper poll comparing their views on taxes and welfare reform showed that when compared on taxes or on welfare reform, the Republican leads by 20%. When comparing the Democrat on welfare reform to the Republican on taxes, the Republican leads by 35%. But when comparing the Democrat on taxes to the Republican on welfare reform, the Republican leads by only 15%. Use this information to decide what each candidate should discuss at their next debate. (Let T represent taxes and W represent welfare reform.) Democrat T W Republican T W % % % % =H6. Consider the GSP auction used by Google for selling its advertising slots. Suppose there are two slots and three bidders. The clicks received by slots 1 and 2 are 500 and 300, respectively. The three bidders 1,2, and 3 have values 10, 8, and 5 respectively for a click. As usual, we consider Symmetric Nash Equilibria (SNE). In particular, you need to focus on the SNE equilibrium bids that are optimal for Google. Write down the corresponding SNE bid submitted by bidder 2. Use the decimal representation, not the fraction.
- 1) If the government wants to reduce unemployment what are some ways it should change spending and taxes?2) Define net taxes.3) Define the budget deficit.4) Assume the following behavioral equations for a macroeconomy:C = 100 + 0.9Yd, I = 50, T = 100 and G = 40. Calculate the equilibrium level of output.5) In a closed economy with a public sector prove that S + T = I + G.6) Suppose that the MPS = 0.2 and the government is interested in raising the level of output in the economy by$100 billion. Calculate how much the government would have to spend to achieve this objective.7) Define the tax multiplier and give the algebraic expression.8) Assume that the government spending multiplier is equal to 4. Calculate the tax multiplier from thisinformation.9) Calculate how much output would expand by if the government increased spending by $500 billion and financedthis spending by increasing lump-sum taxes by the same amount.10)Given the above model for an economyC = 100 + 0.8YdG = 800T = 500I =…The US and Canada have overfished North Atlantic cod stocks nearly to the point of extinction. Both countries wish to preserve the cod industry (and hence the cod stocks), so the two countries sign an agreement to limit fish hauls. Each country has two possible strategies: comply with the agreement (limit fishing) or renege on the agreement (overfish). Each country’s payoffs for different strategy combinations are given in the matrix below. The numbers in the cells represent utilities, and the payoff ordering is (US, Canada). QUESTIONS: 1.If this is a one-shot game (i.e., it is played once), do the players have a dominant strategy? If so, what is it? Briefly explain your answer. 2.What is the equilibrium of this game? Is it Pareto-optimal? How do you know?Mr. and Mrs. Ward typically vote oppositely in elections and so their votes "cancel each other out." They each gain 24 units of utility from a vote for their positions (and lose 24 units of utility from a vote against their positions). However, the bother of actually voting costs each 12 units of utility. The following matrix summarizes the strategies for both Mr. Ward and Mrs. Ward. Mr. Ward Vote Vote Mrs. Ward Mr. Ward: -12, Mrs. Ward: -12 Don't Vote Mr. Ward: -24, Mrs. Ward: 12 The Nash equilibrium for this game is for Mr. Ward to payoff of Don't Vote Mr. Ward: 12, Mrs. Ward: -24 Mr. Ward: 0, Mrs. Ward: 0 units of utility and Mrs. Ward receives a payoff of and for Mrs. Ward to units of utility. Under this outcome, Mr. Ward receives a