Muscarinic receptors binda. epinephrine.b. norepinephrine.c. acetylcholine.d. cholinesterase.e. neuropeptides.

Nicotinic ACh receptor (LGIC) involve the movement of what ion across the membrane? Group of answer choices A.Na+ B.K+ C.Ca++ D.Cl- E.Mg++

Atropine (I) and Ipratropium bromide (II) are both muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists. Common side effects of atropine (1) include dizziness, blurred vision, and sedation. With Ipratropium bromide (II) these side effects are much less common. Given the two structures below, what might be the reason for the different side-effect profile of the two drugs? Br HO HO

What is the muscarininc acetylcholine receptor? Where is it expressed?

A patient has been bitten by a snake. The snake venom contains a toxin that specifically targets nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Immediately after the venom enters the bloodstream the patient begins suffering from paralysis at their extremities. Question: which of the following statements best describes what is happening and why? O The snake venom competitively inhibits nAChRs, preventing acetylcholine from opening an ion channel that depolarizes the postsynaptic cell. O The toxin activates metabotropic receptors. G-proteins then activate CAMP that, in turn, acts upon second messenger pathways. O The toxin acts via presynaptic inhibition to prevent acetylcholine from entering the synaptic cleft. O All of the above.

Which of the following statements about α-adrenergic receptor is CORRECT? Select one: a. Activation of the receptor increases blood pressure. b. It is the target of acetylcholine.  c. Activation of the receptor decreases heart rate. d. It is expressed predominantly in cardiac tissue. e. Activation of the receptor leads to systemic vasodilation.

If a patient was bitten by a poisonous spider (black widow) and the effects of its venom occurred at the neuromuscular junction in the peripheral nervous system, what neurotransmitter would be affected by this venom? And explain the mechanism of action of how the venom is a direct antagonist to this neurotransmitter.

Atropine   A.Tends to stimulate excitatory (sympathetic) functions.  B.Increaes heart rate. C.Stimulates parasympathetic function D.Blocks parasympathetic function

Alpha adrenergic antagonists compete with endogenous catecholamines for binding at alpha- 1 and alpha -2 receptors. Because norepinephrine and epinephrine cannot bind to a receptor that is occupied by an antagonist, the actions of catecholamines are inhibited. Adrenergic receptor blockers are used to treat hypertension.  What side effects can be expected?

Which of the following are NOT neural crest derivatives? (Check all that apply) A Sensory neurons B) Spinal motor neurons Adrenal medulla Cartilage E Red blood cells F White blood cells G Cartilage H. Lens Corneal endothelium Keratinocytes