The relationship between the gene and the synthesis of a specific protein: Describe the steps in the processes that enable the Prokaryotes (Bacteria) cell to synthesize a specific protein such as maltase (an enzyme that breaks down maltose in to its monomers)
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- The relationship between the gene and the synthesis of a specific protein: Describe the steps in the processes that enable the Prokaryotes (Bacteria) cell to synthesize a specific protein such as maltase (an enzyme that breaks down maltose in to its monomers)
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- True or false: In the ribosome, a protein enzyme is responsible for connecting the two amino acids attached to tRNAs in the A and P sites?Hydrogen bonds are important in DNA replication and transcription. They are relatively weak chemical bonds. Why is this a desirable feature for DNA? Describe the effect (s) of changing (mutating) the promoter on the transcription of the DNA strand/gene the promoter controls. What happens to protein synthesis if a nonsense codon is inserted into the gene? Explain why a point mutation does not necessarily change the original amino acid sequence. (Explain silent mutations) Choose any pentapeptide composed of five different amino acids. List the amino acids. Present one messenger RNA codon for each amino acids and the sequence of nucleotides on the DNA that originally coded for your pentapeptide.Briefly describe the function of the following in protein synthesis. a. rRNA b. tRNA c. mRNA
- Gene Expression: Illustrate some steps involved in RNA processing and identify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain corresponding to the codons in the mRNA. Procedure and Questions: The following segment of DNA codes for a protein. The uppercase letters represent exons. The lowercase letters represent introns. The lower strand is the template strand. 1. Indicate the 3’ and 5’ ends of both strands. G C T A T A A T G G C A a a a t t g G G T C A G G C A a a t c g a C A T A G C T G A C G G g g a t g a G G T T A A C G A T A T T A C C G T t t t a a c C C A G T C C G T t t a g c t G T A T C G A C T G C C c c t a c t C C A A T T 2. Write the pre-mRNA molecule. Indicate the 3’ and 5’ ends. 3. Write the mRNA molecule. Indicate the 3’ and 5’ ends. 4. Write the tRNA anticodons corresponding to the codons in the mRNA. 5. Write the sequence of amino acids in the resulting polypeptideTRUE OR FALSE: tRNA-met complexes with mRNA at the aminoacyl-site of the ribosomeDetermine the effect of the following mutations on the DNA sequence. In each case, the mutation is described after the sequence (REFER TO THE SUPPLEMENTAL DOCUMENT FOR GUIDANCE TO THIS QUESTION). Guanine nucleotide (G shown in red below) was deleted from the DNA sequence at the position indicated by the arrow). Write out the sequence of the mutated DNA and the protein made from it. What is the effect of this mutation on the protein? (For example, how will the mutation affect the length and sequence of the protein? What about the function of the protein?) 3' TACATGGTTGTGCTAATT 5'
- Determine the effect of the following mutations on the DNA sequence. In each case, the mutation is described after the sequence (REFER TO THE SUPPLEMENTAL DOCUMENT FOR GUIDANCE TO THIS QUESTION). Guanine nucleotide (G shown in red below) was deleted from the DNA sequence at the position indicated by the arrow). Write out the sequence of the mutated DNA and the protein made from it. What is the effect of this mutation on the protein? (For example, how will the mutation affect the length and sequence of the protein? What about the function of the protein?)Complete the protein synthesis for the partial DNA sequence for a normal FGFR3 gene (TOP) and mutated FGFR3 gene (BOTTOM). Remember, when filling in mRNA, use capital letters only. When filling in amino acids, use three letters, with the first letter capitalized. If you do not use this format, your answer may be marked wrong. DNA CCG TTC GGG GAA ССС MRNA Amino Acid DNA CCG TTC GGG GAA TCC MRNA Amino AcidGenetic expression involves transcription and translation. Match the structure or molecule to the step site where amino acid combines with tRNA intron sequences are removed and exons are combined together makes RNA more stable in the cytoplasm region of DNA with sequences that combine with RNA polymerase transcribed strand that will go on to translation connects amino acid to polypeptide chain and leaves tRNA site where tRNA with amino acid enters the ribosome recognized by the protein synthesis machinery enzyme that connects RNA nucleotides to DNA template part of tRNA with nucleotides complementary to mRNA 1. peptide bond 2. 3. antisense strand 4. anticodon loop 5. RNA polymerase 5' cap 6. A site 8. 7. splicing 9. promoter region acceptor stem 10. poly-A tail
- The link between gene and protein was first articulated by Beadle & Tatum, who proposed the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis - which of the following statements contradicts this hypothesis? Sickle-cell anemia results in defective hemoglobin. Two enzymes are able to metabolize the same reaction. Alkaptonuria results when individuals lack a single enzyme involved in the catalysis of homogentisic acid. A mutation in a single gene can result in a defective protein. A single antibody gene can code for different related proteins, depending on the splicing that takes place post-transcriptionally.ADP ribosylation is one example of post-translational modification of an enzyme. Which statements about the process is true? ADP ribosylation will affect protein folding because of the addition of a large molecule ADP ribose can be added to the amine group of lysine or glutamine The ending of DNA around histones in the nucleus is altered by the ADP -ribosylation of the histone proteins in cancer cells ADP ribosylation requires ADP and the target protein as the substrates in the ADP ribosylation ADP ribosylation of phosphoinositol is an important step in signaling through a G protein-coupled receptor pathway.Biochemistry: Site-directed mutagenesis, in which individual amino acid residues are replaced with others, is a powerful method to study enzyme mechanisms. In experiments with particular enzyme, various lysine residues were replaced with aspartate, yielding the results summarized in the table below: Enzyme Form: Enzyme Activity (U/mg) Native enzyme: 1,000 U/mg Recombinant Lys 21 to Asp 21: 970 U/mg Recombinant Lys 86 to Asp 86: 100 U/mg Recombinant Lys 101 to Asp 101: 970 U/mg a. What might be inferred about the role of Lys 21, 86, and 101 in the catalytic mechanism of this enzyme? b. Discuss where within the enzyme one might find Lys 21 and 101. Are these residues likely to be evolutionary conserved in this enzyme? Explain c. Is Lys position 86 likely to be evolutionary conserved? Explain