The recognition sequence to which RNA polymerase binds at the initiation of transcription is found downstream of the promoter target sequence.

Measurements of RNA chain growth rates are often led astray by the phenomenon of pausing, in which an RNA polymerase molecule stops transcription when it reaches certain sites, for intervals that may be as long as several seconds. How might pausing be detected?

Di- and trinucleotides are occasionally released from RNA polymerase at the very start of transcription, a process called abortive cycling. This process requires the restart of transcription. Suggest a plausible explanation for abortive cycling.

When an activator protein interacts with mediator, how does this affect the function of RNA polymerase?

in a eukaryote cell, what do we call the DNA sequence that the specific transcription factor binds to

Knowing that RNA splicing removes unwanted sequences from the primary transcript, briefly describe this process.

Describe the promoter structure in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

List and describe the sequential steps of TRANSCRIPTION in prokaryotic (bacterial) cells

Many transcriptional activators are proteins with a DNA-binding domain (DBD) and an activation domain (AD). Explain how each domain contributes to transcriptional initiation. Would you expect repressors to also have each of these domains?

List the three ways in which eukaryotic mRNA is modified.