The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl‑CoA and CO2.CO2. Multiple copies of pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2), and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) along with five cofactors form the PDH complex. Biochemists have studied the PDH complex for decades, in part due to its interesting use of substrate channeling during catalysis. What is the benefit of substrate channeling? A. Intermediates of a multistep reaction sequence do not dissociate from the enzyme complex. B. Every intermediate or product made by the PDH complex enters the citric acid cycle as a substrate. C. The PDH complex sequesters excess substrate to use at later time. D. Reaction progress is not limited by the diffusion constant. E.The PDH active site forms in the hydrophobic core of the complex instead of a surface‑exposed region.

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Q: Draw the whole pathway for the catabolism of glyceraldehyde into pyruvate as it occurs in the liver.

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Q: scientific models?

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Q: How many ATP are produced from the complete degradation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?

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Metabolic pathways

Metabolism is defined as the group of life-supporting, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in organisms. A metabolic pathway is a set of these chemical reactions that involve anabolism (synthesis of complex biomolecules) and catabolism (breakdown of biomolecules into small molecules) that occur inside a cell. Metabolites are the reacting substances, products, and intermediate substances of an enzymatic process that are altered by a series of chemical events catalyzed by enzymes.