The presence of bile salts in the colon will stimulate the salt transport activity of the crypt cells of the colon. What is the most logical outcome of over stimulation of the crypt cell salt transporters? O A. An increase in salt and water uptake by the crypt cells will lead to constipation. O B. An increase in salt only uptake by the crypt cells will lead to constipation. O C. An increase in chloride secretion will withdraw water from lumen content. OD. An increase in salt and water secretion can lead to diarrhea.

In rabbits and guinea pigs, prolonged fasting can cause:a.Enterotoxemiab.Endotoxemiac.Dextotoxemiad.Ectotoxemia

Which of the following determines plasma ADH concentration? a. Plasma volume b. All of these c. Plasma pH d. Plasma osmolarity

People with untreated diabetes mellitus are unable to prevent starvation despite the large amount of glucose surrounding their cells; as if that isn't bad enough, dehydration is also a problem. 1. Explain why there is glucose in the urine of such people, why glucose is not present in the urine of normal people, and why diabetics become dehydrated.

Renin is secreted in response to hypovolemia or to an increase in the osmolality of the blood. Provide three possible mechanisms by which these conditions may stimulate rennin secretion. What are the consequences of increased rennin secretion that lead to increased aldosterone secretion? Present this sequence of events. Why are angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) used as a common therapy for hypertension? How do they influence blood pressure? Are plasma levels of renin elevated or depressed in a patient with Conn’s disease? Why?

In the aquatic world, osmoregulation is very important. Please describe what would happen at the cellular level as well as organismal level to a freshwater fish that is placed in salt water.

The color of your urine is a crude but a good measure of the body’s’ level of hydration. Have you noticed the color of urine appearing dark yellow during times of poor water intake? Have you noticed, the color of urine turning a very pale straw when forcing fluids? Make a flow chart to illustrate the activity of the RAAS in regulating blood pressure.

High blood glucose triggers cells in the pancreas to release the hormone insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels. Type 2diabetes occurs when cells no longer respond to insulin. The blood glucose levels of several diabetic rats are measured and therats are then fed a high carbohydrate meal. Which statement explains how a rat’s blood glucose levels will most likely be affectedby the high-carbohydrate meal? A. The rat’s blood glucose level will increase after eating, which will cause insulin levels to rise until bloodglucose decreases below the pre-meal level. B. The rat’s blood glucose level will increase after eating and, after the rat is given an insulin injection, willquickly decrease to the pre-meal level. C. The rat’s blood glucose level will increase for several hours after eating, and then will gradually decreaseover several hours to the pre-meal level. D. The rat’s blood glucose level will increase after eating and, even after the rat is given an insulin injection,will remain…

Which of the following is an effect of inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in the kidney? Answers A - D A Increased uptake of HCO, into the blood Increased uptake of H into the blood C Increased excretion of H' into the urine Increased excretion of HCO, in the urine 3

Which of the following is correct about chloride reabsorption from the loop of Henle?           Group of answer choices A. Cl– is reabsorbed to the blood through the channels in the basolateral cell membrane of the thick segment of loop of Henle B. Cl– is reabsorbed through Na–K–2Cl cotransporter in the basolateral membrane of the thick segment of loop of Henle C. Cl– is reabsorbed through chloride/bicarbonate cotransporters D. Some Chloride is allowed through the Para cellular gaps E. Both A and B are correct