The human proteome contains a much greater variety of proteins than would be predicted from the human genome. What molecular phenomenon best explains this diversity
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The human proteome contains a much greater variety of proteins than would be predicted from the human genome. What molecular phenomenon best explains this diversity?
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- Sickle cell anemia is a widespread disease in many African countries and can be caused by a change in the amino acid sequence from glutamic acid to valine. A patient is diagnosed with the disease and a genetic fingerprint reveals the following DNA sequence for the gene: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Write down the mRNA sequence for the given DNA sense strand indicating the polarity. Derive the polypeptide from the mRNA molecule using the table of the genetic code (Table Q1 below) again indicating the polarity of the peptide chain. Indicate the position in the DNA molecule that could have caused the disease and write down all possible point mutations in the DNA sequence that could have caused it. [ The polypeptide chain is polymerized at the ribosomes using t-RNA molecules. Write down all possible t-RNA molecules with their anti-codons that are used to polymerize the amino acid VAL. Indicate the polarity. 3'-TAC TGA GCA AGA TTA CAT ACT-5' Explain what is meant by redundancy of the genetic code.…Locate as accurately as possible the listed items that are shown on the following figure. Some items are not shown. (a) 5′ end of DNA template strand; (b) 3′ end of mRNA; (c) ribosome; (d) promoter; (e) codon; (f) an amino acid; (g) DNA polymerase; (h) 5′ UTR; (i) centromere; (j) intron; (k) anticodon; (l) N terminus; (m) 5′ end of charged tRNA; (n) RNA polymerase; (o) 3′ end of uncharged tRNA; (p) a nucleotide; (q) mRNA cap; (r) peptide bond; (s) P site; (t) aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase; (u) hydrogen bond; (v) exon; (w) 5′ AUG 3′; (x) potential wobble interaction.The central dogma of molecular biology states simply that DNA encodes RNA, and RNA encodes protein. For each of the following processes, describe, 1) where in the cell they occur, 2) one important protein (or protein containing complex) involved 3) the result of this process. DNA replication Where?) Protein?) Result?) Transcription Where?) Protein?) Result?) Splicing Where?) Protein?) Result?) Translation Where?) Protein?) Result?)
- Why is the term “proteome” ambiguous, whereas the term“genome” is not?Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disorder caused by different types of mutations, many of which prevent ions from moving across cell membranes. Normally there are channel proteins that allow passage of the ions, but in patients with one kind of CF these proteins seem odd. Closer examination shows that these proteins display the correct amino acid sequence. However, they fail to do their job. A) Given that the primary structure of the protein is correct, what can you infer about the DNA sequence for the gene coding this protein on this patient, is there a mutation? Explain. B) Why is the primary structure insufficient to guarantee the proper function of the protein?What is the proteome? Why is genomic information alone insufficient to characterize the proteome?
- Discuss the following statement: “from the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone, the complete amino acid sequence of a protein can be deduced by applying the genetic code. thus, protein biochemistry has become superfluous because there is nothing more that can be learned by studying the protein.”Consider a portion of a gene in a cell with the sequence TTTTT. Which of the following bases would you find in the complementary RNA strand, and where in the (eukaryotic) cell would this RNA be synthesized? A) A-A-A-A-A; ribosome B) U-U-U-U-U; ribosome C) A-A-A-A-A; nucleus D) U-U-U-U-U; nucleusThe characteristic way in which the DNA molecule is copied to form mRNA is most related to: a) the ability of RNA polymerase to match the shape of and the charges of the DNA monomers to the complementary mRNA nucleotide monomers, b) the ability of RNA polymerase to match the shape of and the charges of the DNA monomers to the anti-codons of tRNA, c) The interaction with the cell membrane, d) All of these e) None of these are correct
- Why do humans have such a large number of nucleotides (3.2 billion base pairs) compared to the number of nucleotides in the Japanese pufferfish (with only 400 million base pairs)? the difference is due primarily to a relative abundance of intron nucleotides in humans the difference is due primarily to a relative abundance of euchromatin sequences in humans the difference is due primarily to a relative abundance of intron sequences in humans the difference is due primarily to a relative abundance of protein-coding genes in humans the difference is due primarily to a relative abundance of exon sequences in humansWhich of the following, if any, cannot be genetically encoded in DNA? a)mRNA b)tRNA c)rRNA (RNA part of the ribosome) d)RNA parts of the spliceosome e)They must all be encoded in DNAWVA1 is a protein that is secreted by epithelial tissues of mice. Which of the following is not predicted to be found in the DNA sequence of the gene that codes for WVA1? a) A DNA sequence corresponding to an exon. Ob) 5'-AATAAA-3! c) 5'-UUGACA-3'. d) A DNA sequence corresponding to a signal peptide of the amino acids chain. e) A DNA sequence corresponding to the 5'-UTR of the mRNA.