Knowing that a patient with chronic heart failure is using digoxin (digitalis) for more than 1 year, what effect has this treatment on the distribution of ions across the membrane of cardiac muscle cells? What is effect will be of digitalis on cardiac contractility? What is an inotropic effect? How does digitalis help to treat patients with heart failure?

A 65-year old man with heart failure is unable to climb a flight of stairs without experiencing dyspnea. After several years of therapy with carvedilol, captopril and furosemide, the therapeutic plan probably needs to change now. You empirically add digoxin to improve cardiac muscle contractility. Within 4 week he has a marked improvement in his symptoms. Which of the following best describes the main cellular action of digoxin that accounts for its ability to improve his cardiovascular function? Activates beta1-adrenergic receptors Facilitates GTP binding to specific proteins Increases mitochondrial calcium (Ca++) release Inhibits sarcolemmal Na/K-ATP-ase

People with paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (commonly called "palpitations") are sometimes given drugs that block voltage-gated Ca++ channels in the plasma membrane of myocardial cells. in order to slow the heartbeat. By what mechanism could these drugs help?

Considering the Starling forces (not cardiac Frank-Starling law) affecting fluid movement in a capillary, describe two ways to promote an increase in net fluid movement into the interstitium (i.e. increase/decrease in a given force that is part of calculating net fluid movement)?

From the experimental activity for PhysioEX Which of the following forms the (Y) axis of this graph Which of the following forms the (X) axis of this graph   (A) Y - vessel length / X - flow rate (B) Y - flow rate / X - vessel length (C) Y - flow rate / X - peripheral resistance (D) Y - peripheral resistance / X - flow rate

5) what causes the plateau phase during a cardiac muscle action potential? a) open voltage gated K+ channels b) closed voltage gated K+ channels c) open voltage gated Ca+ channels d) open voltage gated Na+ channels e) closed voltage gated Ca+ channels

1. You are a lead engineer in a cGMP facility that develops and delivers tissue engineering constructs for tissue regeneration. You have been asked to develop an injectable tissue engineering solution for regenerating heart tissue following myocardial infarction. A) Describe an injectable tissue engineering solution to regenerate the damaged heart tissue by considering the following and give a brief explanation for your choices: i) Cell type and source

Which of the following occurs at this point of the membrane potential (marked by the black arrow) in autorhythmic cells?   (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D

release of --------- onto skeletal muscle blood vessles result in ...... 1. Acetylcholine, vasoconstriction 2.norepinephrine,vasoconstriction 3.Acetylcholine, vasolidation  4,norepinephrine, vasolifation    1.can you tell me why do we choose sympathetic instead of para symapthetic. make it short and clear. 2.If we say sympathetic why do we choose pregangolic with ACH ? how can I know? 3. explain how is alpha beta thing relate. How do you choose vasoconstriction vs vasolidation?   please teach me a trick. make it short and claer please. I get so confused

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