The Big Ideas: End of Chapter Problem As Nobel prize winner and New York Times columnist Paul Krugman has noted, the field of economics is a lot like the field of medicine: They are fields where knowledge is limited, and where many cures are quite painful, but where regular people care deeply about the issues. What are some other ways that economics and medicine are alike? Alike It is difficult to run randomized experiments. Charlatans offer useless or damaging remedies for problems. There is lots more to learn. Professionals are well-respected. Answer Bank Not alike Person-on-the-street is over-confident about personal knowledge. Practitioners must be licensed.
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- Nobel Prize winner and New York Times columnist Paul Krugman noted that economics is a lot like medicine: Knowledge is limited and many cures are quite painful. What are some other ways that economics and medicine are alike?The following is an excerpt from "The Oregon Experiment- Effects of Medicaid on Clinical Outcomes," by Baicker et al. (2013). Fill in the blank identifying the method used in this paper given the description in the paragraph (I've given you a hint on the key points by italicizing a few phrases): "Adults randomly selected in the lottery were given the option to apply for Medicaid, but not all persons selected by the lottery enrolled in Medicaid (either because they did not apply or because they were deemed ineligible). Lottery selection increased the probability of Medicaid coverage during our study period by 24.1 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.3 to 25.9; P<0.001). The subgroup of lottery winners who ultimately enrolled in Medicaid was not comparable to the overall group of persons who did not win the lottery. We, therefore, used a standard______ _approach... to estimate the causal effect of enrollment in Medicaid. Intuitively, since the lottery increased the chance…What are the 3 main factors, that fueled the rise of AI?
- Preventive care is not always cost-effective. Suppose that it costs $100 per person to administer a screening exam for a particular disease. Also suppose that if the screening exam finds the disease, the early detection given by the exam will avert $1,000 of costly future treatment. a. Imagine giving the screening test to 100 people. How much will it cost to give those 100 tests? Imagine a case in which 15 percent of those receiving the screening exam test positive. How much in future costly treatments will be averted? How much is saved by setting up a screening system? b. Imagine that everything is the same as in part a except that now only 5 percent of those receiving the screening exam test positive. In this case, how much in future costly treatments will be averted? How much is lost by setting up a screening system?Why are widely accepted, well-defended scientific explanations called “theories”?The graph below shows the market for medical services in a country. Initially, there is no government health care system and the price per unit is 200 TL. Then the government decides to provide health care program in which the citizens pay only 40 TL for any medical acre they take. Total health expenditures without any government health care program is …………… The amount of medical services per year when government provides health care is ………….. Total health expenditures with government health care program is ……………… Government’s total health care expenditure is ………………. Citizens’ total health care expenditure after government health care program is ………. The amount of deadweight loss due to government health care program is …………………
- In the early 2000s, the state of Massachusetts in the U.S. implemented a health reform aimed at enrolling people without health insurance into an insurance plan. The reform required people without health insurance (at least those who could afford it) to buy insurance, and put in place penalties on those who nevertheless chose not to buy insurance. Below is the abstract of a recent National Bureau of Economic Research working paper entitled “Health Reform, Health Insurance, and Selection: Estimating Selection into Health Insurance Using the Massachusetts Health Reform” by Martin Hackmann, Jonathan Kolstad, and Amanda Kowalski. The authors conducted a study of the effects of the Massachusetts reform. They write: We implement an empirical test for selection into health insurance using changes in coverage induced by the introduction of mandated health insurance in Massachusetts. Our test examines changes in the cost of the newly insured relative to those who were insured prior to the…Journalist: To reconcile the need for profits sufficient to support new drug with the moral imperative to provide medicines to those who most need them but can not afford them, some pharmaceutical companies feel justified in selling a drug in rich nations at one price and in poor nations at a much lower price. But this practice is unjustified. A nation with a low average income may still have a substantial middle class better able to pay for new drugs than are many of the poorer citizens of an overall wealthier nation. Which one of the following principles, if valid, help to support the journalist's reasoning? a. People who are ill deserve more consideration than do healthy people, regardless of their relative socioeconomic positions. b. Whether one deserves special consideration depends on one's needs rather than on the characteristics of the society to which one belongs. c. Wealthier institutions have an obligation to expend at least some of their resources to assist those incapable…Briefly explain what is “signaling” (from an economist’s view) and how it may reduce adverse selection.
- Suppose that Hubert, an economist from an AM talk radio program, and Kate, an economist from a school of industrial relations, are arguing over health insurance. The following dialogue shows an excerpt from their debate: Kate: A popular topic for debate among politicians as well as economists is the idea of providing government assistance for health benefits. Hubert: I think it is oppressive for the government to tax people who take care of themselves in order to pay for health insurance for those who are obese. Kate: I disagree. I think government funding of health insurance is useful to ensure basic fairness. The disagreement between these economists is most likely due to (DIFFERENCE IN SCIENTIFIC JUDGEMENT, DIFFERENCE IN VALUES, DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERCEPTION VERSUS REALITY) . Despite their differences, with which proposition are two economists chosen at random most likely to agree? A. Employers should not be restricted from outsourcing work to foreign nations.…According to the article which of the following statements about the dutch disease are correct?Why economics is essential in addressing the health-related problem?