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Describe e-cadherins' ligand affinity properties. What is e-cadherins' role in cell sorting? Have detail.
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- What are the basic properties of e-cadherins? Namely, what is their basic structure, what affects their function (e.g. Ca2+), their ligand activity, and their role in cell sorting?What are the basic properties of e-cadherins? Namely, what is the basic structure of specifically e-cadherins, what affects their function (e.g. Ca2+), their ligand activity, and their role in cell sorting? Be specific/distinct with every point here.For each of the following, describe the path the protein takes to its final destination in the cell.Drawings are strongly recommended!Proteins: 1) Hedgehog (released from the signaling cell), 2) Smoothened, 3) Ci/GliYour answers should include the following if they apply for each protein:o Sorting sequences and how the protein knows where to go at each step (what recognizesdifferent sorting sequences/tags)o How/when the protein is inserted into the membrane (if it is a membrane protein)o What organelles the protein passes through on its way to its final destinationo How the protein is transported (vesicles? translocons? etc.), including a role for microtubuleso How the protein might be modified in each organelle it passes througho What other proteins are involved in transport and how the system is reset to allow for otherproteins to be transported
- Describe the similarities and differences in the structures of GPCRs specific for various ligands including the extracellular , transmembrane , and intracellular domains.For each of the following, describe the path the protein takes to its final destination in the cell.Drawings are strongly recommended! If you need more space, you can use a separate sheet ofpaper. Proteins: 1) Hedgehog (released from the signaling cell), 2) Smoothened, 3) Ci/GliYour answers should include the following if they apply for each protein:o Sorting sequences and how the protein knows where to go at each step (what recognizesdifferent sorting sequences/tags). How/when the protein is inserted into the membrane (if it is a membrane protein) What organelles the protein passes through on its way to its final destination. How the protein is transported (vesicles? translocons? etc.), including a role for microtubules.How the protein might be modified in each organelle it passes through. What other proteins are involved in transport and how the system is reset to allow for otherproteins to be transported.How do signaling proteins form specific complexes? Provide examples.
- 8) Indicate which of the five major types of membrane protein (adhesion, enzymatic, recognition, receptor, and transport) is most likely to be involved in each of the situations described below: a) An oncologist wants to study the cells from a certain tumour that has been surgically removed from a patient. However, she must first treat the tumour with a solution affects a membrane protein on the tumour cells. Because of the effect of the solution on the membrane protein, the tumour tissue falls apart into individual cells. Type of membrane protein: b) Farmer Jebediah wakes up in the morning and makes himself an extra-strong coffee. The caffeine in the coffee attaches to a protein in the plasma membrane of his neurons, inducing a signal transduction cascade and causing Farmer Jebediah to be more alert Type of membrane protein:Members of the integrin family are the major cell surface receptors for many ECM proteins such as fibronectin. In experimental studies, single integrin heterodimers have been found to assume more than one structural conformation. Describe the relationship between integrin structures and their activities.Name and define (briefly) the four different types of receptors involved in Cellsignaling. Give an example of a ligand and specific type of receptor (where would you find the receptor?) for one of the receptors defined.
- Cadherins are known to mediate homophilic interactions between cells. What is a homophilic interaction, and how can it be demonstrated experimentally for E-cadherins?Sort the following steps of GPCR signal propagation (you may not use all the steps): A) Dephosphorylation of GPCR B) G protein dissociation to adenylate cyclase and GTP binds to the G protein C) Ligand binding to GPCR D) G protein dissociation from GPCR and GDP binds to the G protein E) Synthesis of CAMP F) Activation of PKA G) G protein association to adenylate cyclase H) G protein dissociation from GPCR and GTP binds to the G protein O F, C, H, F, B OC OB, D, A, E, H O C, H, G, E, F OA, G, H, B, ESignaling by tyrosine kinase receptors is generally associated with all of the following except: A) receptor dimerization B) growth factor responses C) heterotrimeric G proteins D) cross phosphorylation E) generating protein binding sites due to phosphorylation