Q: Explain the several reasons on additional levels of complexity are both possible and necessary for…
A: Gene expression is a complex process that is mediated by several processes. There are around 20,000…
Q: Give the Experimental verification of the geneticcode
A: Though DNA is made up of only 4 types of nucleotides, the latter can be positioned in countless…
Q: Give examples of structural motifs found in transcription factors that interact with other proteins…
A: Transcription is an important step in the use of genes to produce a protein. Proteins that help bind…
Q: Consider how alternative splicing could allow many different protiens to be encoded by the same…
A: It is a process which allows the production of a variety of different proteins from one gene only.…
Q: Briefly describe a summary of the flow of genetic information in cells with diagram.
A: Gene expression is that the method the cell uses to provide the molecule it desires by reading the…
Q: Give an example of where transposable elements have had a beneficial effect on an organism or an…
A: Transposable elements or transposons are sequence of DNA which can jump from one location to other…
Q: Summarize the studies of McClintock, and explain how they revealed the existence of transposable…
A: Before 20th Century, genes were thought to be the stable entities which are arranged in an orderly…
Q: What is a gene? Provide at least two different definitions and explain.
A: Gene is a segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of an individual that is responsible for the…
Q: Describe the organization of sequences within different types of transposable elements.
A: Transposable elements are the sequences in the genome that can move within the genome from one…
Q: Describe the mechanisms by which gene regulation is controlled by changes in the concentration of…
A: Autoinducers are small molecule (Low Molecular weight) proteins readily diffusible through the…
Q: Describe the molecular steps by which polycomb group complexescause epigenetic gene silencing.
A: The PcG protein complex (Polycomb group) is one of the two protein complexes involved in the…
Q: Identify the ligand that bind to uniprotkb-P39086, the type of allostery, and describe the general…
A: P39086 is an ID for a protein GRIK1_HUMAN that belongs to Homosapiens. It is a protein of 918 amino…
Q: Define how chromatin signature is a powerfuland reliable predictor of MAE activity ?
A: MAE( Monoallelic gene expression) is the phenomenon of the gene expression, when only one of the two…
Q: Discuss the effects of transposable elements on gene function.
A: Transposable elements also known as jumping genes these are short sequences of DNA that have the…
Q: Explain the Comparison of the regions of human NF1 protein and S. cerevisiae Ira protein that shows…
A: Huge amounts of sequences of DNA have already been determined. The pace at which fresh sequences are…
Q: Describe the basic models of transcription factor families, the two transcription factors each…
A: Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that regulate gene transcription. They are trans-regulatory…
Q: Differentiate between gene expression inheterochromatic and euchromatic regions
A: Gene expression involves the flow of information to form the target protein. It is the process that…
Q: Discuss how computer programs and the ChIP-Seqtechnique can identify transcription factors and…
A: Transcription: It is processed to convert DNA into RNA. It is part of the central dogma. It is…
Q: Describe the appearance of a Drosophila embryo, in which the knirps gene protein-coding sequence has…
A: Gene is a functional unit of heredity. A gene is a sequence of nucleotides in genome that codes for…
Q: Prior to the work described here, what was the original purpose ofMorgan’s experiments with…
A: Chromosome theory of inheritance states that genes are found at specific locations on chromosomes…
Q: What mechanisms are in place to ensure that genetic informationis accurately expressed?
A: Gene expression: [accuracy] The process by which the genetic code, the…
Q: Identify the mechanisms of transcriptional,posttranscriptional, and translational control of…
A: Transcription is syntheisis of m-Rna from the Dna and it occurs in cytoplasm of the cell and require…
Q: Define about expression QTLs (eQTLs) ?
A: The genes can be associated with simple or complex traits. The genes decide the nature of traits and…
Q: Explain how paralogs and orthologs are produced
A: Gene is known to be the basic unit of heredity of all life forms. Most animals contain…
Q: Describe the molecular aspects of the storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information.
A: Genetic information is the hereditary information that is stored in our genes in the form of…
Q: Discuss transposable elements in the human genomeand their mobility.
A: The genome of an organism is defined as the whole heredity information encoded in the genetic…
Q: Discuss, using different examples, how biological pathways are informed by forward genetic screening…
A: C. elegans has established itself as a valuable model organism for identifying the genes and genetic…
Q: Describe the organization of the human lambda L chain, kappa L chain, and H chain gene families.
A: Adaptive immune system depends upon a diversity of antibody specificities within an individual's…
Q: histones are hypoacetylated
A: Hypoacetylated histones cause the gene to be down-regulated. This is because histone acetylation is…
Q: With the aid of diagrams, and using specific examples, describe how gene expression is regulated in…
A: Transcription Is the process of formation of mRNA from DNA and this happens in the cytoplasm of the…
Q: Describe the ways in which scientists employ lacZreporter genes to study gene regulation
A: The lactose or lac operon of Escherichia coli (E.coli) is a cluster of three structural genes…
Q: Describe experiments that determined which codonsare associated with each amino acid and which…
A: Genes are the unit of heredity and they are made up of triplet genetic codons. These codons are…
Q: identify the key players in the various mutants of the spike protein
A: The spike protein consists of a linear chain of 1273 amino acids, showing neatness sunray into a…
Q: With regard to TNRE, what is meant by the term anticipation?
A: GENETIC DISORDERS- It is a kind of health problem which occurs in the body due to genomic…
Q: Diagram the possible outcomes of site-specificrecombination.
A: Recombination refers to generation of new allelic combinations with the exchange of genetic material…
Q: Describe experimental evidence that would indicate that most or nearly all of the DNA sequences in a…
A: DNA is the chemical name for the molecule that carries genetic instructions in all living things.
Q: How might such a “competition assay” be used to determine the biological glycosaminoglycan that…
A: Introduction Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are negatively charged, unbranched heteropolysaccharides…
Q: Suppose that the dominant alleles specify functional enzymes, and the recessive alleles are…
A: Zygosity can be either heterozygous or homozygous. Heterozygous has one recessive allele and one…
Q: Explain the Analysis of Neurospora Mutants by Beadle and Tatum ?
A: Neurospora crassa or red mould is a fungi. It can be grown easily in culture medium supplanted with…
Q: Explain the origin of orthologous proteins, paralogous proteins, and multidomain proteins.
A: Proteins can be defined as the macromolecules that consist of one or more long chains of amino acid…
Q: Give examples of the different classes of mutations that affect the base sequence of DNA in protein…
A: Mutations are well stated to define that they are used to refer to changes or alterations that occur…
Q: List some ways that histones can be covalently modified.
A: Introduction: Histones are the proteins that associate with DNA and help condense it into chromatin.…
Q: Explain Sex-specific splicing of the primary fru transcript.?
A: Drosophila melanogaster is a common fruit fly. It is most common subject used in majority of genetic…
Q: Give function of the demonstrate of each RNA type?
A: RNA or ribonucleic acid is composed of ribose nucleotides which is linked through the phosphodiester…
Q: Define how to Predict the amino acid sequence of a putative polypeptideencoded by a cloned gene…
A: A section of DNA thought to be a gene is known as a putative gene. Although the precise function of…
Q: Which mechanisms for regulating gene expression may be applied for the treatment of such diseases?…
A: Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to make a protein. Gene…
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- 1). In the absence of this enzyme, a substance called ceroid lipofuscin accumulates in lysosomes in the brain, resulting in seizures, blindness, decline in cognitive function and motor skills, dementia, and death by the late teens or early 20’s. The TPP1 gene is 6695 bp in length. Think about the characteristics of Batten disease, and then suggest an approach to gene therapy that might be effective for this specific genetic disorder. You may assume that your research team is working in the U.S. and your research is funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Please EXCLUDE the use of CRISPR from consideration. A. Will you use germline or somatic cell gene therapy? Please NAME and DEFINE the form of gene therapy selected, then explain WHY this is the most appropriate choice.1). In the absence of this enzyme, a substance called ceroid lipofuscin accumulates in lysosomes in the brain, resulting in seizures, blindness, decline in cognitive function and motor skills, dementia, and death by the late teens or early 20’s. The TPP1 gene is 6695 bp in length. Think about the characteristics of Batten disease, and then suggest an approach to gene therapy that might be effective for this specific genetic disorder. You may assume that your research team is working in the U.S. and your research is funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Other scientists have suggested that it might be possible to use CRISPR to treat this genetic disorder in affected individuals. (i) First, what is CRISPR? (BRIEFLY describe what it is and how it works). (ii) Briefly describe how CRISPR could be utilized in treating genetic conditions such as Batten disease.1). In the absence of this enzyme, a substance called ceroid lipofuscin accumulates in lysosomes in the brain, resulting in seizures, blindness, decline in cognitive function and motor skills, dementia, and death by the late teens or early 20’s. The TPP1 gene is 6695 bp in length. Think about the characteristics of Batten disease, and then suggest an approach to gene therapy that might be effective for this specific genetic disorder. You may assume that your research team is working in the U.S. and your research is funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). a) Hypothetically, what specific type of VECTOR will you use to perform your gene therapy? Please select from the following list of potential vectors: disabled retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), or herpes simplex virus (HSV), then give two reasons why this specific vector is the most appropriate for your gene therapy. Please explain why you were able to rule out the other potential…
- 1. Certain proteins that stimulate expression of a gene bind to DNA in a sequence specific manner and also induce conformational changes in the DNA. Describe the purpose of thses two modes of interaction with the DNA. 2. Draw the structures of the amino acid side chains that correspond to the following histone modification: a) acetylation of lysine; b) phosphorylation of serine; c) phosphorylation of histidine. How do thses modifications change the character of their respective side chain?2) How does the HAEIII enzyme discriminate between the C-G polymorphism in the TAS2R38 gene?9.) Describe the molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis. Consider Inciuding the bases impacted, the relative prevalence, and the relative ease with which the mutation can be repaired for each.
- Silent mutations that occur in DNA are quite common in living cells and usually involve no effects onphenotype. In not more than 2 pages provideanswers for the following questions?1) Define the silent mutation in DNA? 2) What is the codon usage bias? 3) Provide one example of a clinical implication of a “silent mutation” that proven to have an effect onthe phenotype and provide a brief description of its molecular characteristics?Given the following Wild Type and Mutated DNA sequences: 1.) Identify where the base pair change occurs ( what letter changed?) 2.) For BOTH sequences, write the mRNA strands, define the codon regions and amino acid sequences. 3.) Describe what kind of mutation has occurred (missense, nonsense, or silent), and what effect this may have on the protein. Wild Type DNA Sequence: 3' - AGGCTCGCCTGT - 5' Mutated DNA Sequence: 3' - AGTCTCGCCTGT - 5'Silent mutations that occur in DNA are quite common in living cells and usually involve no effects onphenotype. 1) Provide one example of a clinical implication of a “silent mutation” that proven to have an effect on the phenotype and provide a brief description of its molecular characteristics?
- 1. Briefly explain the principle behind the following techniques: (a) ion-exchange chromatography (b) gel filtration chromatography (c) affinity chromatography (d) Use three diagrams to illustrate the separation of three different proteins by these methods. 2. Genetic instability in the form of point mutations, chromosome rearrangements, and epigenetic changes needs to be maximal to allow the development of cancer. (a) With diagrams explain: (i) point mutations (ii) chromosome rearrangement (iii) epigenetic changes 3. Describe the process of cloning a DNA fragment into the Eco R1and Alu I sites of the vector pUC18. How would you screen for clones that contain an insert? 4. A protein has a stability ranging from 6 to 15 kcal/mole at 37 OC. Stability…3). Explain a substitution mutation 4) Explain a deletion mutation 5). Explain an insertion mutationGTTTTCACTGGCGAGCGTCATCTTCCTACT 1. Identify the gene from which the query sequence originates (Name of the gene)2. Provide the FULL protein sequence encoded by the gene.3. Are different splice variants known for this gene?4. What human disease has been connected to this gene?5. Calculate molecular weight (kiloDalton, kD) and calculated pI (the pH where theprotein carries no net electrical charge) of the protein.6. Provide the reference (in proper reference form: Author; Year; Title; JournalName; Volume; Page Numbers) for a recent publication involving the identifiedgene. This reference should NOT be a web page reference.7. Are there homologs for the identified gene in other systems? Identify one homolog in an invertebrate system (if there is none, provide a vertebratehomolog).8. What is the function (e.g. transcriptional regulation, transmembrane signaling,kinase, protease, etc.) of the protein(s) encoded by the gene.9. Generate a FULL protein sequence alignment for one of the…