Researchers examined the effect of phosphate supplementation on bone formation in 6 healthy adult dogs. For each dog, bone formation was measured twice: once after 12 weeks of phosphate supplementation, and once after a 12-week control period. The results in percent bone growth per year are shown below. Do these data provide evidence that phosphate supplementation significantly stimulates bone formation? Dog ID        1       2         3      4        5       6  Control     1.73   3.37   3.59   2.05   1.86  3.60 Phosphate 8.16  4.58   3.98   5.24   3.04 7.03 a. Write an appropriate null and alternative hypothesis for the mean difference. b. If the test statistic value was t = –2.92, determine the p-value using the appropriate degrees of freedom.

A local veterinarian uses Z-scores to determine if newborn puppies of certain breeds are severely underweight, underweight, overweight, severely overweight, or within a typical weight range for their breed. Z-score Diagnosis Severely underweight Between -4.0 and -3.0 Underweight Less than -4.0 Between -3.0 and 3.0 Within the normal range Between 3.0 and 4.0 Overweight Severely overweight Greater than 4.0 Breed Mean (pounds) Standard deviation (pounds) Siberian Husky 23.2 2.5 Golden Retriever 31.5 2.1 Chow Chow 18.5 2.4 Shiba Inu 13.9 1.2 (a) What values would be considered to be normal for a hypothetical Siberian Husky puppy? Between and Enter an integer or decimal number (more. Report these answers to one decimal place (nearest tenth). (b) Show calculations and explain your reasoning.

The following is data about the hemoglobin concentrations of volunteers collected at sea level and at an altitude of 11000 feet. sea level concentrations = [14.70 , 15.22, 15.28, 16.58, 15.10 , 15.66, 15.91, 14.41, 14.73, 15.09, 15.62, 14.92]11000 feet concentrations = [14.81, 15.68, 15.57, 16.59, 15.21, 15.69, 16.16, 14.68, 15.09, 15.30 , 16.15, 14.76] There are two alternative scenarios about the way the data were obtained. In scenario 1, there are 12 volunteers who lived for a month at sea level, at which time blood was drawn and the data in "sea level concentrations" dataset were obtained.  Subsequently, all 12 volunteers were moved to 11000 ft and after a month the data in the "11000 feet concentrations" dataset obtained.  There is a one to one correspondence between the numbers in the two datasets, that is the first numbers correspond to volunteer1, the second numbers to volunteer2 etc. In scenario 2, the "sea level concentrations" dataset  is a random sample obtained from 12…

In a population-based cohort study, an entire community was interviewed regarding smoking habits and then followed for one year. Upon ascertainment of all lung cancer deaths, the investigator obtained the following data:     Number of Individuals Lung Cancer Deaths Smokers 24,500 15 Nonsmokers 10,500 2   Calculate the risk difference per 100,000 per year. Round to the tenth decima