Problem 2: (a) Define: (i) specific energy (ii) Froude number For open-channel flow. What is special about these quantities in critical conditions? Along, wide channel has a slope of 1:900, a Manning's n of 0.015 m- 1/3 s and a discharge of 3 m3s-1 per metre width. (b) Calculate the normal and critical depths. (c) In a region of the channel the bed is raised by a height of 0.8 m over a length sufficient for the flow to be parallel to the bed over this length. Determine the depths upstream, downstream and over the raised bed, ignoring frictional losses. Sketch the key features of the flow, indicating all hydraulic transitions caused by the bed rise. (d) In the same channel, the bed is lowered by 0.8 m from its original level. Determine the depths upstream, downstream and over the lowered bed, ignoring frictional losses. Sketch the flow.

Water flows in a horizontal, rectangular channel initially 10 feet wide and 2 feet deep. The initial velocity is 6 ft/s. This flow encounters downstream a simultaneous downward step and constriction. No energy losses are associated with these changes in channel configuration. a. What is the specific discharge, q: i. Upstream (for w= 10 feet)? ii. Downstream (for w = 6 feet)? b. What specific energy, E, is associated with the flow as initially specified (at the upstream location)? c. What is the minimum energy needed to pass the full discharge at the downstream location? d. What is the height (Az) of the smallest downward step necessary for the upstream flow conditions to remain as specified?

Question One Determine the flow rate in a confined aquifer with a hydraulic conductivity of 20m/d, and thickness of 6.6m. The initial piezometric surface is 14.53 above the lower confining bed, causing the piezometric surface to be 13.85m at a radius of 40m and a 14.31m at a radius of 85m. The solution should include a labeled diagram.

2. The following description is correct ( ).A. the denser the grid in the flow network, the smaller the hydraulic gradientB. two points on the same equipotential line, the pore water pressure is always the sameC. the same flow network, any two adjacent equipotential line between the potential energy difference is equalD. The direction of the infiltration flow rate is the direction normal to the flow line 3. In the triaxial shear test, the test that keeps the pore pressure of the soil sample at zero throughout the process from the application of the circumferential pressure until the soil sample is damaged is ( ).A. Unconsolidated undrained test B. Consolidated drained testC. Solidification without drainage test D. Solidification fast shear test