A rectangular channel is 4 m wide, and it reduces to 2 m through a hydraulic structure. Assuring the transition to be horizontal and the flow to be frictionless determine the water surface elevations upstream of the constriction when the specific energy at the constriction is 6 m. Assume choking occurs, hence critical flow equations are applicable. Note: Hand written solution is not allowed.

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Highway Drainage

Highway drainage is the process of extracting and regulating the excess surface water on the pavement by giving the desired slope. The construction of a highway drain helps to divert the water present on the surface, and sub-grade by the means of slope. Highway drainage systems are a necessary part of smooth functioning of traffic, since the highway drainage systems provide proper disposal of unwanted substances from the highways.